Value-Based Assessment in Islamic Education: Pursuing High Objectivity in Measuring Spiritual and Social Affective Domains
The evaluation of Islamic religious education continues to grapple with the challenge of measuring spiritual and social attitudes in an objective manner. This qualitative literature study examines the effectiveness of value-based assessment approaches in capturing these affective domains within Islamic education settings. By synthesizing scholarly works on educational evaluation and character formation, this research identifies key conditions for successful implementation of value-based assessment. The findings reveal that objective measurement requires clear behavioral indicators, varied data collection methods, reduction of personal bias, and integration of self and peer assessments. Robust school culture, teacher professional development, and alignment among curriculum, instruction, and assessment emerge as essential supporting factors. Technology offers promising opportunities for data management and reporting, yet must be adopted thoughtfully within sound pedagogical frameworks. The study concludes that objective affective assessment is achievable through collaborative, systematic, and culturally sensitive practices. These insights provide theoretical foundations for improving evaluation practices and practical guidance for teachers and policymakers. The transformation of assessment from mere cognitive measurement toward meaningful character development depends on sustained commitment from all educational stakeholders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Social Science Studies
Inclusive Islamic Education for Students with Special Needs: Child-Friendly and Adaptable Design Approaches for Accessibility
This qualitative research examines the design of child-friendly and inclusive Islamic religious education (PAI) to improve accessibility and teaching approaches for students with special needs. Through systematic literature review methodology, the study identifies key principles of universal design for learning that can be adapted to PAI instruction, emphasizing multiple means of representation, expression, and engagement. Findings reveal that effective inclusive PAI design requires comprehensive accessibility in physical environment, learning materials, and pedagogical methods. Specific strategies for different disability types are discussed, including visual and tactile approaches for blind students, sign language and visualization for deaf students, structured concrete instruction for intellectual disabilities, and individualized sensory-sensitive approaches for autism spectrum conditions. The study highlights the importance of assistive technology, authentic assessment, teacher professional development, parental involvement, and collaborative support systems. Results indicate that inclusive PAI design is feasible and beneficial for all students, not only for those with special needs. The research provides theoretical foundations and practical guidance for developing inclusive religious education that respects diversity and ensures equitable access to spiritual development for every child.
Legal Liability of Hospitals for Fraud in the National Health Insurance Program
This research aims to analyze law enforcement against fraudulent acts committed by hospitals in the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program. The research method used is normative juridical legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials consist of various laws and regulations governing JKN and fraud prevention, while secondary legal materials include books, legal journals, scientific articles, and related study documents. The results of the research indicate that fraud in JKN consists of various deviant practices such as phantom billing, upcoding, inflated bills, and unnecessary treatment, which are driven by the factors of rationalization, opportunity, pressure, and capability based on the Fraud Diamond theory. Law enforcement against fraud is regulated under Minister of Health Regulation Number 16 of 2019, which provides administrative sanctions, but its implementation is not yet optimal because the regulation does not explicitly regulate criminal sanctions. Criminal liability can be imposed through Article 378 and Article 381 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) upon fulfilling the elements of unlawful acts and intent. Dispute resolution can be pursued through non-litigation channels in the form of mediation pursuant to Law Number 24 of 2011 and litigation channels through district courts based on Article 50 of the same law. This research recommends amending Minister of Health Regulation Number 16 of 2019 by adding criminal sanction provisions, strengthening the role of anti-fraud teams, and increasing public legal awareness.
Time Pressure in School Leadership: Principals Experiences in Managing Organizational Demands
Time poverty experienced by school principals represents a complex subjective condition where available time is perceived as insufficient to meet the multitude of responsibilities inherent in educational leadership. This qualitative literature review explores how school principals experience and navigate time poverty within the context of educational organization management, synthesizing theoretical perspectives from educational administration, organizational behavior, and leadership studies. The investigation reveals that sources of time poverty include excessive administrative burden, demands from multiple stakeholders, ceremonial activities consuming significant time, and tasks that could be delegated but remain with principals due to resource constraints. Organizational structure, education system policies, and principals managerial capacity significantly influence the degree of time poverty experienced. Consequences of time poverty encompass diminished decision-making quality, reduced attention to long-term development, deteriorating relationships with teachers, and compromised principal well-being. Adaptive strategies including delegation, prioritization, and efficient system development help manage time poverty, though their effectiveness depends substantially on systemic support. The gap between high expectations placed on principals and the reality of limited time creates significant psychological pressure. Long-term consequences of unaddressed time poverty include organizational stagnation, declining education quality, and principal burnout. The study contributes foundational understanding for designing policies and support systems that respect principals time as a valuable and limited resource essential for effective educational leadership.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Social Science Studies
Legal Analysis of Rare Disease Patients' Rights to Access Therapy in the BPJS Health System Based on Applicable Regulations
This study discusses the legal analysis of patients' rights to access therapy for rare diseases within the Social Health Insurance Administration Body system based on applicable regulations in Indonesia. Jurisdictionally, the right of patients to obtain therapy for rare diseases is guaranteed by Article 28H paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law Number 17 of 2023, and Presidential Regulation Number 82 of 2018 in conjunction with Presidential Regulation Number 59 of 2024. The analysis highlights that while these guarantees are normatively regulated in a comprehensive manner, their implementation continues to face various challenges: a vacuum of specific norms, financing limitations, facility inequality, and inter-program coordination issues. Managing rare diseases requires regulatory reform, the strengthening of cross-sectoral integration, and the expansion of the Social Health Insurance Administration Body benefit list. These efforts are essential to accelerate the realization of the right to health for groups that have not yet been optimally accommodated. This research recommends the establishment of specific regulations, the harmonization of epidemiological data, and transparency in the health policy process.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Social Science Studies
Principles of Anti-Discrimination and Fairness in Health Services: A Study of Regulations and Practices for Patients with Infectious Diseases in Indonesia
The principles of non-discrimination and justice are the main pillars in the provision of healthcare services in Indonesia, particularly for patients with infectious diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, and other infectious conditions. This study discusses how the guarantee of the right to health as a human right has been strictly regulated in various regulations, ranging from the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, to a number of implementing regulations related to infectious disease control. The application of the non-discrimination principle requires every healthcare facility and medical professional to provide equal and dignified treatment without reinforcing stigma or creating barriers to access. The principle of justice is realized in the form of proportional resource allocation, fair and transparent service procedures, as well as corrective mechanisms for patients who experience discriminatory treatment. This study recommends strengthening regulatory implementation, educating medical personnel, and continuous supervision to ensure the creation of an inclusive and equitable health system.
Legal Construction and Enforcement Challenges of Credit Card Data Hacking Crimes in E-Commerce Systems
This literature study examines the legal construction and law enforcement challenges regarding the crime of hacking e-commerce security systems to steal customer credit card data. Using a normative juridical method, the analysis focuses on the evolution of Indonesia's Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law), from its inception in Law No. 11 of 2008, amended by Law No. 19 of 2016, and most recently revised by Law No. 1 of 2024. The study finds that the ITE Law constructs the crime through offenses of unauthorized access (Article 30) and acts against data integrity (Article 32), with an increasingly robust approach to personal data protection. The relationship between the ITE Law as lex specialis and the Indonesian Criminal Code as lex generalis is integrative; the ITE Law addresses the digital method of the crime, while the Criminal Code qualifies its object and consequences under traditional offenses like theft or fraud. However, significant enforcement challenges persist, primarily related to the volatile and technical nature of digital evidence, cross-jurisdictional obstacles, limited technical capacity of law enforcement agencies, and the need for harmonization with newer regulations such as the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law). The study concludes that while the legal framework is substantively adequate, its effectiveness hinges on overcoming these practical, procedural, and international cooperation hurdles.
The Criminal Law Construction for Health Insurance Claim Payment Failure: A Synergy between Health Law and Financial Sector Regulation
This normative legal study aims to construct the criminal liability qualification for the failure to pay claims by health insurance companies, with primary reference to Law No. 17 of 2023 concerning Health. The research employs a qualitative doctrinal method through legislative and conceptual approaches. The analysis reveals that Law No. 17 of 2023 does not contain a specific criminal offense for claim payment failure. The primary legal basis for criminal sanctions is found in Law No. 4 of 2023 concerning the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector (P2SK Law). The Health Law functions as a philosophical and substantive foundation, establishing the right to health and obligations of transparency, thereby elevating the social gravity of violations in health financing. The criminal elements required are a synthesis of both frameworks, demanding proof of unlawful acts, fault, loss, causality, and the fulfillment of specific offense formulations in the P2SK Law. Corporate criminal liability is constructed through the identification doctrine and dual liability principles. This study concludes that criminal qualification requires a layered legal construction, integrating the substantive norms of the Health Law with the sanction instruments of the financial sector laws. This model provides a more precise analytical tool for prosecuting corporate misconduct in overlapping regulatory fields like health insurance.
Affective Synchrony in Autonomy: Emotional Contagion in Self-Managing Teams
This literature study examines the intricate relationship between emotional contagion and autonomous work teams. It investigates how the structural characteristics of autonomous teams modify the fundamental process of emotional contagion and explores the subsequent functional and dysfunctional impacts on team performance. The analysis reveals that autonomy amplifies contagion through dense peer networks, internal feedback loops, task interdependencies, and the absence of external emotional regulation. This results in faster, more potent, and more sustained spread of affect. Functionally, such contagion can enhance implicit coordination, collective resilience, norm formation, and creative problem-solving. Dysfunctionally, it can trigger spirals of stress and anxiety, erode trust, impair decision-making quality, escalate conflicts, contribute to collective burnout, and stifle team learning. The study concludes that emotional contagion in autonomous teams is not a peripheral phenomenon but a core dynamic that fundamentally shapes their effectiveness. Understanding these modified processes and dual outcomes is critical for designing interventions that help autonomous teams harness the benefits of positive emotional synchrony while developing the capacity to mitigate the risks of negative affective spirals, thereby ensuring their long-term viability and success.
From Individual Minds to Collective Decisions: The Function and Contribution of Cognitive Mapping
This literature study examines the role and contributions of cognitive mapping in participatory decision-making processes. Through a systematic qualitative analysis, it investigates how cognitive mapping functions as a mechanism for extracting and aligning tacit knowledge among participants, and evaluates its impact on the quality of both the process and the outcomes of collective decisions. The findings reveal that cognitive mapping serves as a powerful tool for externalizing individual mental models, facilitating the negotiation of meaning, and fostering iterative social learning. Regarding process quality, it significantly enhances communication transparency, deepens discussion, manages conflict constructively, and improves group efficiency. Concerning outcomes, it contributes to more robust and legitimate decisions, strengthens implementation capacity and adaptive learning, creates reusable knowledge artifacts, fosters innovative solutions, and builds social capital and group cohesion. The study concludes that cognitive mapping transcends being a mere recording technique; it is a transformative methodology that fundamentally improves the ecology of participatory deliberation by making collective cognition visible, negotiable, and actionable, thereby leading to more sustainable and widely supported solutions for complex problems.
Proving Intent: A Composite Approach to Aggressive Tax Avoidance Schemes
This literature study aims to critically analyze the construction and methods of proving the element of intent (mens rea) in cases of aggressive tax avoidance. Using a normative juridical approach with qualitative descriptive analysis, this research examines the transposition of the mens rea concept from general criminal law into the framework of Indonesian tax criminal law, as primarily regulated in the General Provisions and Tax Procedures Law as amended by the Tax Regulations Harmonization Law. The findings indicate that proving intent in aggressive tax avoidance schemes requires a composite approach that relies on objective indicators and circumstantial evidence. Key parameters include the absence of economic substance and business purpose, systematic patterns of transactions violating the arm's length principle, internal corporate documents revealing tax-driven policies, and data from international automatic exchange of information. The evolution of domestic jurisprudence and the adoption of global standards, particularly the OECD's Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project, have significantly shaped this proofing approach, shifting it from a formalistic to a substantive assessment. This study concludes that the effectiveness of law enforcement in tackling sophisticated tax avoidance depends on the convergence of precise regulations, advanced investigative capabilities, and consistent judicial interpretation that collectively uncover the deliberate intent behind formally legal transactions.
The Validity of Implied Consent in Medical Emergencies: Legal Construction and Accountability under the Health Law
This normative legal research examines the validity of the implied consent doctrine in emergency situations under Indonesia's latest health legislation, Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health. Employing a qualitative doctrinal method through statutory and conceptual analysis, the study constructs the legal foundation, parameters, and accountability mechanisms for implied consent. The findings indicate that while the doctrine is not explicitly codified, it derives implicit legitimacy from a systematic interpretation of the law's principles: the right to timely and quality health services, the healthcare provider's duty to treat, the prohibition of refusal in emergencies, and adherence to professional standards. The validity of implied consent is strictly confined to objective life-threatening emergencies, the patient's incapacity to consent, and interventions that are directly proportionate and aimed solely at rescue. Post-action accountability is mandated through comprehensive medical record documentation, retrospective explanation to the patient or family, and internal reporting. This study concludes that implied consent operates as a legally recognized exception constructed from the synthesis of the law's provisions, designed to prioritize lifesaving intervention during critical moments while ensuring subsequent legal accountability and the restoration of patient autonomy.
Legal Convergence: An Analysis of Legality and Supervision for Investment-Based Multilevel Marketing
The legality and supervision of multilevel marketing (MLM) companies offering investment models present a complex regulatory challenge in Indonesia, stemming from the convergence of trade and financial services sectors. This qualitative literature study aims to analyze the legal construction from both perspectives, assess the effectiveness of existing supervisory mechanisms, and formulate an ideal regulatory framework. The research finds that legal ambiguity arises due to the overlap between trade regulations, specifically Ministry of Trade Regulation No. 70 of 2019, which mandates real product sales, and financial services laws, primarily Law No. 21 of 2011 on the Financial Services Authority, which requires licensing for any public fund-raising activity. This duality creates regulatory gaps and fragmented supervision, often leading to reactive and ineffective oversight that fails to prevent public financial loss in a timely manner. The current mechanisms involving consumer protection law, criminal law, and corporate law operate in silos without robust inter-agency coordination. The study concludes that an ideal framework necessitates the creation of a special integrated regulation (lex specialis) that clearly defines this hybrid entity, establishes a single licensing door with joint assessment, and mandates a lead regulator. Furthermore, supervision must evolve into a proactive, technology-based model using an integrated digital reporting platform for early detection of fraudulent patterns. Enhanced public financial literacy specific to this model is also crucial. This research contributes to the academic discourse on regulatory design for convergent business models and provides practical recommendations for policymakers and supervisory authorities.
Mechanisms of Legitimation: The Social Foundations for the Adoption of Innovations in Marketing Practice
This literature study examines the critical role of legitimacy work in securing acceptance for new marketing practices. It argues that innovation in marketing is not merely a technical diffusion but a socio-political achievement requiring deliberate efforts to gain cognitive and social validation. The analysis unfolds at two interconnected levels. At the organizational level, legitimacy work involves tactical efforts such as reframing innovations to align with internal logics, building evidence through pilot projects and success narratives, forming advocacy coalitions, and managing delegitimizing threats. At the field level, legitimacy is constructed discursively for entire categories of practice through conceptual work by experts, dissemination of exemplars via trade media, normative debates, and formal institutionalization by professional associations. This dual-level process creates a legitimacy infrastructure that reduces uncertainty for potential adopters. The study concludes that the effectiveness of legitimacy work significantly determines the fate of marketing innovations, emphasizing that value creation must be coupled with persuasive social justification. Theoretical and practical implications for marketing scholars and practitioners are outlined.
The Dynamics of Anti-Money Laundering Regulation in the Governance of Fintech and E-Commerce Companies in Indonesia
This literature study analyzes the influence of Indonesia's Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regulatory framework on fintech and e-commerce companies, focusing on its operational, financial, and innovative impacts. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach through normative juridical analysis of secondary legal sources, the research examines core regulations: Law Number 8 of 2010 on Money Laundering Crimes, OJK Regulation Number 12/POJK.01/2017, BI Regulation Number 19/12/PBI/2017, and PPATK Regulation Number 11 of 2016. The findings indicate that the AML framework comprehensively integrates digital companies into the national financial reporting system, imposing mandatory Customer Due Diligence, transaction monitoring, and suspicious activity reporting. Operationally, this transforms business processes, introducing new compliance layers and technological complexity. Financially, it creates significant fixed costs for compliance infrastructure and specialized personnel, affecting profitability and competitive dynamics, particularly for startups. Regarding innovation and market development, AML regulations act as a dual-force catalyst and constraint. They spur innovation in Regulatory Technology (RegTech) and serve as a reputational differentiator, fostering consumer trust and facilitating global investment. Concurrently, they filter out anonymity-based business models, potentially slow time-to-market, and encourage market consolidation by favoring scaled players. The study concludes that AML regulation has fundamentally reshaped Indonesia's digital ecosystem, enforcing a trade-off between security and agility, and directing innovation towards a more structured and accountable trajectory within the global financial system.
Building Business Defense and Value: A Study on Legal Protection of Trademarks, Copyrights, and Industrial Designs for MSMEs
This literature study aims to analyze the strategic role of Intellectual Property (IP) protection for the products and brands of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The study focuses on three main aspects: the importance of trademark, copyright, and industrial design registration as a preventive legal measure; the legal steps available for enforcement in case of infringement; and the utilization of registered IP to enhance business economic value and competitiveness. The research employs a qualitative method with a normative juridical approach, analyzing secondary data from legislation, books, and scientific articles. The findings indicate that formal registration establishes exclusive rights recognized by the state, creating a strong foundation for legal certainty. In infringement cases, MSMEs can pursue various legal remedies, including civil lawsuits, criminal reports, and administrative actions. Furthermore, registered IP can be transformed into financial assets through licensing, bank collateral, and franchise systems, thereby increasing business valuation and enabling sustainable growth. This study concludes that integrated IP management is a crucial strategy for MSMEs to protect their innovations, enforce their rights, and capitalize on their intangible assets in a competitive market.
Legal Construction of Corporate Liability for Occupational Diseases: The Principles of Causality, Burden of Proof, and Effectiveness of Remedies in the Indonesian Legal System
This study examines the legal construction of corporate liability in Indonesia for chronic occupational diseases with long latency periods, particularly those related to exposure to industrial chemicals. The analysis shows that the Indonesian legal system affirms corporate liability not only in civil law through compensation mechanisms, but also in criminal law with the recognition of corporations as legal entities in the new Criminal Code. The principle of causality and the complex burden of proof are balanced by the application of strict liability, reversal of the burden of proof, and normative corporate obligations as stipulated in the Civil Code, the Manpower Act, the Health Act, the Environmental Act, and Social Security Agency regulations. The effectiveness of legal remedies is reflected in the combination of social security, civil lawsuits, and administrative sanctions that not only provide adequate compensation for victims but also create a deterrent effect for companies. The latest regulations strengthen the position of workers through OSH standards and more stringent legal instruments, bringing the Indonesian legal system closer to the goal of substantive justice in occupational health protection.
The Role of Emotional Engagement and Story Structure in Digital Social Campaign Effectiveness
This literature study synthesizes research on the role of emotion psychology and Storytelling in the effectiveness of viral social campaigns. It examines how narrative structures elicit specific emotional responses (empathy, moral anger, hope), and how this emotional engagement subsequently influences audience engagement, message recall, and behavioral intention. The analysis further explores the characteristics that enable such narrative-driven, emotional content to achieve virality across social networks. Findings indicate that well-crafted narratives systematically trigger target emotions through character identification, moral conflict, and resolution pathways. These emotions then act as psychological catalysts: they enhance engagement by capturing attention and enabling social identity expression; they strengthen recall through emotionally charged memory encoding; and they motivate behavioral intention by shaping attitudes, perceived norms, and self-efficacy beliefs. For virality, high-arousal emotional content packaged within coherent, morally framed stories provides social currency to sharers, aligns with platform algorithms that reward engagement, and creates easily transmissible units of meaning. The study concludes that the strategic integration of emotional and narrative design is central to creating social campaigns that are not only widely seen and remembered but also effective in motivating meaningful action and organic spread.
Construction of Consumer Rights and Business Liability for Losses Resulting from Defective or Dangerous Medicines and Medical Devices in Indonesian Positive Law
This study examines the construction of consumer rights and the basis for business actor liability regarding damages arising from defective or hazardous drugs and medical devices within the framework of Indonesian positive law. The primary focus is directed toward two issues: how consumer rights to security, comfort, safety, and information are constructed as standards of protection, and how the basis for compensation claims is formulated through a synthesis of consumer protection regimes, civil law, and health regimes. The analysis is conducted using a normative juridical approach, positioning norms as the primary object, particularly provisions concerning consumer rights, prohibitions on the circulation of goods that do not meet standards, labeling and warning obligations, recovery mechanisms, and causal relationships in evidentiary processes. The results of the study indicate that consumer rights bind the entire supply and distribution chain, allowing accountability to be drawn from producers, importers, and distributors, to service providers distributing the products, according to the relevant point of failure. The classification of design defects, manufacturing defects, and instruction defects serves as a juridical mapping tool to determine standards of care and appropriate forms of compensation. Regarding evidentiary aspects, a layered burden of proof model is considered most adequate: consumers prove the loss and exposure, while business actors demonstrate compliance, quality control, and corrective responses through technical documentation as well as administrative evidence of licensing and oversight. Damage assessment is directed toward adequate recovery through compensation, replacement, and health-related expense financing, including fairly assessed immaterial damages. Multiple forum options are available, through the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK), general courts, class action lawsuits, or alternative dispute resolution, supported by administrative enforcement for corrective actions such as product recalls. This study underscores the importance of harmonizing safety norms, information honesty, and the effectiveness of recovery procedures so that consumer protection for health products is measurable and executable.
Legal Construction of Breach of Contract Indicating Fraud in Business Cooperation Agreements
This normative legal study aims to construct an effective legal framework for addressing breach of contract indicating fraud (bad faith breach) in business cooperation agreements. The research focuses on three main aspects: distinguishing and proving bad faith (te kwader trouw) as an indication of fraud, constructing claims for material and immaterial compensation, and formulating effective legal remedies. Using a qualitative literature study method with a normative juridical approach, this research analyzes secondary data from the Indonesian Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek), relevant regulations, legal doctrines, and jurisprudence. The findings indicate that the key differentiator between ordinary breach and fraudulent breach lies in the subjective element of intent to deceive, often evidenced by material misrepresentation or concealment of facts during the pre-contractual phase. This shifts the legal basis from mere breach of contract (Article 1243 BW) to defect of consent (Article 1321 BW) and unlawful acts (Article 1365 BW). Consequently, the construction of compensation expands to include both calculable material losses and immaterial losses related to reputational damage. An effective lawsuit must strategically combine contractual and delictual grounds, supported by a comprehensive evidence strategy targeting proof of bad faith and a measurable, auditable calculation of losses. This study contributes to the development of contract law by emphasizing the proactive role of the good faith principle in combating contractual deception and providing a practical litigation framework for victims.
Regulation and Pharmaceutical Corporate Responsibility: Generic Drug Distribution, Patent Rights, and Their Impact on Equity of Access in the National Health Insurance System
The pharmaceutical industry operates at the intersection of intellectual property rights and public health imperatives, creating a fundamental tension between drug innovation and access. This literature study examines the legal framework of corporate responsibility for pharmaceutical companies in distributing branded versus generic drugs in Indonesia, focusing on implications for access, consumer rights, and equity within the National Health Insurance (JKN) system. The analysis reveals that Indonesian law, encompassing patent, health, consumer protection, and competition regulations, establishes a normative foundation that balances exclusive rights with public interest tools like compulsory licensing. However, the strategic use of patent thickets, product hopping, and biased marketing by originator companies can undermine generic drug availability, affordability, and perception, thereby restricting consumer choice and burdening the JKN system. The study concludes that while the legal architecture is conceptually robust, its operationalization is fragmented. Effective realization of access equity requires integrated enforcement, proactive market oversight, and regulatory reforms that explicitly link corporate conduct to the sustainability of the public health insurance system. Strengthening transparency in pricing negotiations, limiting patent evergreening, and empowering the insurance authority are critical steps forward.
The Formation Process and Implications of Team Cohesion in Virtual Work Environments
Team cohesion in virtual environments presents a distinct challenge compared to traditional co-located teams. This literature study aims to analyze the process of cohesion formation in virtual settings and its connection to collective performance. The findings indicate that building cohesion in virtual teams is an intentional process, heavily influenced by the reduced social bandwidth of digital media. It requires proactive virtual leadership to architect social interactions, strategic selection of communication technologies, and the conscious cultivation of cognitive trust based on observed reliability and competence. Cohesion in this realm manifests through a shared digital identity constructed via collective narratives and symbols. The relationship between cohesion and performance is complex and mediated by factors such as communication quality, task interdependence, and temporal project phases. Task cohesion shows a more direct positive correlation with performance metrics by enhancing coordination efficiency. Social cohesion’s impact is more nuanced and contingent on team norms that prevent groupthink. The study concludes that virtual team cohesion is both achievable and critical, serving as a strategic foundation for enabling sustainable high performance in distributed work arrangements, necessitating deliberate design and continuous nurturing of the team’s social fabric.
Regulatory Gaps and Legal Protection for Flexible Workers in the Digital Platform Economy
The rise of the gig economy, characterized by short-term and flexible digital platform work, poses fundamental challenges to conventional labor law frameworks. This qualitative literature study examines the legal protections for workers in flexible contracts within Indonesia's gig economy. The analysis reveals a threefold problem: the inadequacy of the existing labor law framework (centered on the Manpower Act and the Job Creation Law) in regulating digitally-mediated work; substantive protection gaps in social security, wages, and occupational safety for gig workers; and the exacerbating role of algorithmic control, which creates subordination without legal employment status. The study further explores regulatory innovations from other jurisdictions, such as legal presumptions of employment in the EU, the ABC test in California, and portable benefit models. It concludes that Indonesia's current laws are structurally ill-equipped for the digital labor platform reality. A comprehensive regulatory overhaul is urgently needed, including the recognition of platform workers based on algorithmic control indicators, the establishment of portable social security schemes, guaranteed minimum earnings, algorithmic transparency mandates, and sectoral bargaining mechanisms. This reform is essential to ensure equitable protection for gig workers and to foster a just digital economy.
Legal Dynamics and Challenges in Protecting Intellectual Property Rights for Digital Products in the Global Marketplace
The digitization of the economy has positioned digital products as central commodities in global marketplaces, creating significant tensions with existing intellectual property (IP) legal frameworks. This qualitative literature study analyzes the legal challenges of protecting digital products in global marketplaces, focusing on copyright and patent regimes. The research identifies three core problems: the inherent conflict between territorial IP laws and the borderless nature of digital commerce; the ineffectiveness of traditional enforcement mechanisms and reactive intermediary liability models in cross-border contexts; and the conceptual disruption caused by innovative digital products like Software-as-a-Service, generative AI content, and Non-Fungible Tokens to conventional IP categories. The analysis concludes that current national and international legal structures are structurally inadequate, often lagging behind technological innovation. This inadequacy creates legal uncertainty, undermines incentives for creators, and weakens the position of rights holders in the global digital economy. The study recommends a comprehensive legal reform in Indonesia that moves beyond piecemeal amendments, advocating for a new digital IP framework, the adoption of verification technologies, enhanced enforcement capacity, and proactive engagement in international norm-setting to better protect digital creations.
Legal Prescriptions and the Effectiveness of Sanctions for Harassment and Malpractice in Traditional Medicine Clinics
This literature study examines the legal framework for protecting patients from harassment and malpractice in traditional medicine clinics in Indonesia, focusing on legal prescriptions and sanction mechanisms. The research employs a normative juridical method, analyzing primary and secondary legal sources. The findings indicate that patient protection is normatively regulated through a multi-layered framework encompassing administrative law (Government Regulation No. 103 of 2014 on Traditional Health Services), civil law (Civil Code and Consumer Protection Law), and criminal law (Criminal Code and Sexual Violence Crime Law). However, the effectiveness of these legal instruments is significantly constrained. Qualifying and proving malpractice elements within the unique context of diverse and less-standardized traditional practices poses a major challenge. Furthermore, the enforcement of administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions is hindered by weak inter-institutional coordination, limited supervisory capacity, substantial evidentiary barriers due to poor documentation, and profound socio-cultural obstacles such as stigma and community pressure. These factors collectively undermine the deterrent effect on perpetrators and the adequacy of remedies for victims. The study concludes that strengthening patient protection requires not only regulatory refinement but also systemic improvements in oversight implementation, law enforcement capacity, victim support systems, and public legal awareness.
Weaving Consistency and Participation: Brand Governance through Community Management
This literature study explores the integration of brand governance principles into the practice of digital community management. In the contemporary marketing landscape, brand communities have become central arenas for brand meaning co-creation and reputation formation. This creates a fundamental tension between the need for brand consistency, a core governance objective, and the organic, authentic participation that defines a vibrant community. Through a qualitative literature review, this study addresses two research questions: how brand governance principles are adapted and operationalized in community management, and what mechanisms mitigate the inherent tension. The findings reveal a paradigm shift where governance principles transform from rigid control to facilitative guidance. Consistency evolves into alignment with core brand values, accountability becomes multi-directional, and oversight turns into participatory moderation. Effective mitigation mechanisms include establishing creative guardrails, hybrid leadership structures, transparent conflict resolution, and the cultivation of a shared "our brand" narrative. The study concludes that successful brand governance in the digital age is achieved not by imposing control over communities, but by empowering and guiding participation through relational and structural mechanisms, thereby turning potential conflict into a source of brand resilience and authentic engagement.
Legal Protection for Consumers in the Online Purchase of Personal Health Devices
This literature study examines the legal framework for consumer protection regarding the online sale of personal health devices in Indonesia. Employing a normative juridical analysis, the research investigates the construction of business actor responsibility, the implementation of information obligations, and the effectiveness of dispute resolution mechanisms. The findings indicate that the legal framework is built on a convergence of three regimes: general consumer protection law, health sector regulations, and electronic transaction laws. While normatively comprehensive, the study identifies significant implementation gaps. The obligation to provide complete and honest information, including the display of distribution permits, is often unfulfilled in digital marketplaces. The complexity of the supply chain obscures clear accountability, and dispute resolution through the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) or courts faces major procedural and evidentiary hurdles, particularly for proving device inaccuracy or health-related losses. The study concludes that strengthening protection requires specific technical regulations for online health device sales, enhanced verification and monitoring roles for e-commerce platforms, improved capacity of BPSK to handle technical disputes, and increased consumer literacy regarding health product safety in the digital marketplace.
The Obligation of Medical Cost and Risk Information Transparency by Private Healthcare Providers in Indonesian Legal Construction
This normative legal study examines the legal framework governing the obligation of private healthcare providers in Indonesia to transparently disclose medical costs and risks to patients. Employing a qualitative literature review and statutory analysis, the research investigates three main issues: the legal construction of this obligation, the convergence between the informed consent principle in health law and the information transparency principle in consumer protection law, and the effectiveness of existing law enforcement mechanisms. The findings indicate that the obligation is robustly constructed through Law Number 44 of 2009 concerning Hospitals and Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, which integrate cost estimates into the informed consent requirement. This medical law framework is significantly strengthened by its convergence with Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, creating a hybrid legal duty. However, enforcement effectiveness is suboptimal due to reliance on patient complaints, high evidentiary burdens in certain legal pathways, and a lack of proactive supervision, despite the availability of administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions. The study concludes that while the normative foundation is solid, its practical realization requires regulatory refinement, enhanced institutional oversight, and widespread public legal awareness to ensure that transparency becomes a consistent practice rather than a mere legal formality in Indonesia's private healthcare sector.
Neuroscience in Islamic Education: A Systematic Review of Implications for Memorization, Devotion, and Faith
The convergence between neuroscience and religious education opens up new perspectives for improving the effectiveness of Islamic Religious Education (IRE). This academic paper, based on a literature review, conducts a systematic review to analyse the implications of neuroscience findings on three main domains of IRE: memorisation of the Qur'an, concentration in worship, and strengthening of faith. The study uses a qualitative approach with a thematic synthesis method of relevant scientific literature. The results show that neuroscience concepts such as neuroplasticity and memory consolidation provide a strong foundation for refining the tahfiz methodology with material breakdown and spaced repetition techniques. Findings on attention regulation and the Default Mode Network identify that devotion can be trained through strategies to strengthen focus and reduce wandering thoughts. Meanwhile, understanding the mechanisms of belief formation emphasises the importance of an approach to teaching faith that integrates narrative, emotional experience, and practical application for deeper internalisation of values. This paper concludes that the integration of neuroscience into Islamic Education has the potential to produce more evidence-based, humane learning methods that have an impact on cognitive and affective levels. Its implementation requires curriculum adjustments, teacher training, and the transformation of learning management in Islamic educational institutions.
Psychosocial and Structural Mechanisms in the Relationship Between Inequality and Happiness
This literature study examines the complex relationship between social inequality and subjective well-being, exploring how structural disparities in income, education, and healthcare access shape individual perceptions of happiness, life satisfaction, and stress. Through a qualitative synthesis of multidisciplinary research, the analysis identifies key mediating pathways. Economic inequality primarily affects well-being through psychosocial mechanisms like social comparison and relative deprivation, which foster negative emotions and chronic stress while eroding social trust. Inequalities in education and healthcare access operate through capability and agency pathways, where restricted freedoms and loss of personal control generate anxiety, cognitive burden, and existential insecurity. Crucially, the strength of the link between individual social position and subjective well-being is moderated by macro-level societal factors. High aggregate inequality and weak, corrupt social institutions intensify the negative psychological impact of low status. In contrast, greater equality and strong, protective institutions that ensure fairness and security can buffer these effects. The study concludes that improving population well-being requires integrated policy approaches that directly address multidimensional inequalities while simultaneously strengthening institutional quality and social cohesion, moving beyond a sole focus on economic growth metrics.