The Role of Family in Shaping Identity: A Study of Internal Mechanisms and Socio-Cultural Transmission
This literature review examines the role of the family as a primary socialization agent in shaping a child's identity. Through a qualitative thematic synthesis of scholarly works, the study addresses two core questions: the mechanisms of internal family dynamics in forming personal identity, and the transmission of broader socio-cultural identities. The analysis reveals that personal identity is constructed through transactional processes within the family ecology, involving parenting styles, communication patterns, and emotional security. Simultaneously, families act as crucial conduits for social identity such as culture, religion, and class through daily practices, language, rituals, and habitus, which equip the child with a framework for positioning themselves within societal structures. The study concludes that the family’s influence is fundamental and dual-faceted, integrating psychological and sociological dimensions to shape an individual's self-concept and social belonging. The findings underscore the need for holistic parenting frameworks and educational policies that recognize and support the family’s central role in identity formation.
Family socialization, Identity formation, Personal Identity, Cultural transmission, Parenting Styles, Social Identity, Habitus
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Social Science Studies
Integration of Change Management and Technology Strategy in Digital Transformation
Digital transformation has become a strategic priority for organizations in the modern era, requiring close integration between change management and technology strategy. This transformation process involves not only the adoption of digital technologies, but also fundamental changes in organizational culture, structure, leadership, and business processes. Effective stakeholder engagement, continuous communication, and adequate training programs play a critical role in ensuring that employees are prepared and motivated to adapt to digital change. In addition, fostering a culture of innovation and learning is essential to support long-term transformation efforts. Organizations often face challenges such as resistance to change, limited digital competencies, and misalignment between technological initiatives and organizational goals. These obstacles must be managed systematically to achieve successful outcomes. Organizations that are able to align change management practices with technology strategies can enhance operational efficiency, improve decision-making, and gain sustainable competitive advantage. Ultimately, digital transformation is not a one-time initiative, but an ongoing and dynamic process that requires continuous adaptation, innovation, and strategic alignment to support long-term growth and organizational sustainability.
Digital transformation, Change management, Technology strategy, Employee engagement, Culture of innovation, Challenge, Sustainability
Improving Employee Engagement and Team Development through the Implementation of Flexible and Adaptive Situational Leadership
Situational leadership has a significant impact on employee engagement and team development in organizations. This leadership theory emphasizes the importance of leaders to adapt their style according to the conditions, abilities, and needs of employees. Leaders who are flexible in choosing the right approach for a given situation can create a more productive and collaborative work environment. By approaching employees individually and adapting their leadership style to the circumstances at hand, employee engagement can be improved, and team development can run smoothly. High engagement improves motivation, work quality, and builds a more solid team. Meanwhile, good team development can contribute to achieving organizational aims more efficiently. It is important for leaders to have emotional intelligence and the ability to assess situations well in order to manage teams effectively. Sustainable training and organizational support to strengthen these skills are needed for optimal implementation of situational leadership. This will bring long-term benefits to both individual development and overall organizational success.
Situational leadership, Employee engagement, Team development, Emotional intelligence, Leadership style adaptation, Team management, Effective organizations
Implementing a Just and Sustainable Circular Economy in a Social Context
The circular economy offers a new approach in creating a more sustainable production system by reducing waste and maximizing resource utilization. Its application in a social context requires special attention to the social disparities and inequalities that can arise from such transformation. Circular economy principles can be of great benefit in addressing social and environmental challenges if designed with inclusive and just policies. Engaging various parties, including the government, private sector, and societies, is needed to realize a just circular economy. By focusing policies on equal access to technology and infrastructure, and taking into account diverse social needs, the circular economy can become a pillar of social and environment sustainability. The public must be engaged in every stage of the policy so that the solutions are relevant and acceptable to various social strata. It is important to continuously monitor and evaluate policies to ensure the sustainable and inclusive circular economy.
Circular economy, Sustainable, Policy, Social inequality, Technology access, Society empowerment, Environment
Sustainable and Fair Technology for an Equitable Society
Technological innovation has great potential to solve global problems, but its implementation must be carried out with attention to environmental sustainability and social justice. Technology that is not designed with consideration for both aspects can exacerbate social inequality, damage the environment, and create disparities in access to resources. Therefore, policies are needed to guide the development and application of technology with principles of sustainability and justice, to ensure that its benefits can be felt by all layers of society. A more inclusive and sustainability-based approach can make technology a tool for creating relevant, fair, and responsible solutions. This involves collaboration between the government, technology developers, and society in formulating policies that promote environmentally friendly technology, accessible to many, and do not endanger individual rights. The sustainability of technology is not only related to economic efficiency or technical advancement but also to the moral and ethical aspects that are crucial for achieving collective well-being. The implementation of fair and sustainable technology is a key factor in realizing a better and more sustainable future.
Technological innovation, Environmental sustainability, Social justice, Technology policy, Technology access, Sustainable development, Eco-friendly technology
Technological Pathways Toward Improving Educational Quality in Remote and Underserved School Systems
This literature review explores how technology has been utilized to improve educational service quality in underdeveloped regions. Drawing upon academic research and programmatic case studies, the analysis synthesizes a range of technological interventions including interactive radio instruction, mobile learning, offline digital libraries, blended e-learning platforms, and assistive tools for inclusive education. The findings suggest that educational technology has effectively expanded access, supported curricular delivery, enhanced teacher development, and fostered student engagement in settings marked by geographic isolation and resource scarcity. However, the review emphasizes that technological success is not universal but highly contingent upon sociocultural alignment, localized implementation strategies, and sustained support systems. Tools such as solar-powered tablets, community hotspots, and mobile applications have proven valuable when adapted to local conditions and integrated into broader educational ecosystems. The study further identifies key challenges such as limited content localization, teacher preparedness, infrastructural instability, and short-term program horizons. These insights highlight the need for holistic planning, participatory design, and context-aware policy formulation. The review concludes that while technology holds transformative potential for education in underdeveloped areas, its impact depends on adaptive implementation grounded in local realities. Future initiatives must balance innovation with cultural relevance to realize inclusive and lasting improvements in educational outcomes.
Educational technology, Underdeveloped regions, Mobile learning, Teacher development, Inclusive education, Access equity, Localized implementation
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Social Science Studies
Application of Situational Leadership in Decision Making in Dynamic Organizations
Situational leadership in dynamic and diverse organizations is a determining factor in effective decision-making. This approach allows leaders to adapt their style based on the circumstances and needs of individuals in the team, who are diverse in terms of cultural background and experience. Organizations operating in an environment of change require leaders who are not only able to respond appropriately to situations, but also manage diversity wisely. Tailoring leadership styles to specific situations can increase employee engagement, encourage more effective communication, and create decisions that are oriented towards organizational sustainability and success. The application of situational leadership is therefore crucial in ensuring that decisions are relevant to the needs of diverse teams, and support team performance and overall organizational goals. With the right approach, leaders can facilitate collaboration within diverse teams and ensure that decisions are in line with the organization's vision.
Situational leadership, Decision making, Team diversity, Organizational dynamics, Change management, Employee engagement, Team effectiveness
Consequences of Default in Commercial Marketplace-Based Digital Business Space Leases
This article examines the legal consequences of default in online marketplace-based business space rental contracts using a normative legal method. The rental object is understood as digital space in the form of placement slots, promotional features, or access to transaction modules provided by the platform operator for a certain period of time in exchange for a price. The analysis is based on the Civil Code regarding the validity of agreements, types of performance, cancellation, and compensation, then combined with the regime of electronic transactions and trading through electronic systems that recognize the binding force of electronic contracts and electronic evidence. The discussion emphasizes that the measurement of performance in digital space must be reduced to traceable service parameters, such as feature activation status, display duration, and service disruption records. Default by the platform operator can take the form of failure to provide access or run features in accordance with the package, termination of service before the end of the term without procedural basis, or negligence in maintaining system reliability that causes prolonged disruption. Breaches by tenants may include failure to make payments, use of digital space for activities that violate the terms and conditions, or actions that trigger suspension of services in accordance with the agreement. The main legal consequences include demands for performance, cancellation of the agreement on mutual obligations, and compensation after a declaration of negligence and proof of loss and causality. In digital transactions, evidence relies on electronic documents, system logs, service correspondence, and package change records, making evidence management a prerequisite for fair dispute resolution. This article offers a normative formulation for assessing the fairness of liability limitation clauses, access termination procedures, and proportional forms of recovery, including service restoration and financial compensation. The findings confirm that the transformation of leasing to the digital space does not eliminate the basic principles of binding agreements, but requires a definition of measurable performance and accountable system accountability mechanisms. The regulatory framework used places electronic contracts as binding agreements and requires system operators to maintain security, reliability, and complaint handling procedures. For businesses, the study's findings provide guidelines for compiling evidence from the outset, formulating service indicators in packages, and negotiating termination clauses. For platforms, the study's findings encourage service standards, transparency of changes, and event-based compensation schemes to reduce disputes and maintain business certainty in the digital ecosystem.
Breach of contract, Leasing, Marketplace, Electronic contracts, Compensation, Cancellation, Electronic evidence
Legal Framework for Free Contraception in Community Clinics: Consent and Data Protection
This article examines the distribution and use of free contraceptives in community clinics through a normative legal method with qualitative literature studies and thematic synthesis. The focus is on establishing legal parameters for family planning services at licensed facilities, as well as determining standards for consent and proof of consent in medical records, including confidentiality and health data processing. The analysis links the Health Law, Population Law, Medical Practice Law, Health Personnel Law, clinic regulations, medical records, patient safety, personal data protection, and electronic system regimes. The results of the analysis show that free distribution remains a health service that must meet the prerequisites of facility authority, workforce competence, understandable explanations, voluntariness, and orderly documentation. Legal parameters require clinical screening, logistical quality control, referrals, and incident reporting mechanisms so that access programmes do not create new risks for patients. In the area of consent, minimum standards include explanations of method options, benefits, risks, side effects, warning signs, and alternatives, accompanied by confirmation of patient understanding and the opportunity to refuse. Proof of consent is placed on specific forms and counselling notes in medical records, with a clear authorisation trail for electronic recording. Confidentiality is achieved through access restrictions, separation of individual service data from aggregate reporting, and legally based information release procedures. Health data processing is subject to the principles of clear purpose, minimisation, security, retention, and incident response, so that leak prevention is part of service compliance. This article emphasises that legal certainty for free contraceptive services requires a governance design that balances access, patient safety, and privacy protection, and provides a basis for civil and administrative liability in the event of a breach of obligations. The discussion places community clinics as actors responsible for ensuring operational permits, division of authority, and use of licensed logistics. Consent documents are recommended to include the date, identity of the officer, summary of information, and voluntary statement, then stored in accordance with retention requirements. To strengthen privacy, the article recommends regular training, access audits, and the use of pseudonyms in programme reports. These findings can be used by regulators, facility managers, and professional organisations to develop uniform and auditable operational standards. The scope is limited to the analysis of written norms, so field implementation requires empirical research in various regions and facilities.
Contraception, Consent, Clinic, Confidentiality, Medical records, Family planning, Personal data
Legal Standards for Physical Therapy Tele-Rehabilitation: Authority, Consent, Medical Records, Personal Data
Tele-rehabilitation physiotherapy has developed as a form of electronic-based rehabilitation service that expands access and accelerates therapeutic communication. Changes in the service medium have given rise to the need for legality parameters that ensure services remain safe, orderly, and verifiable. This article examines the formulation of legal standards for tele-rehabilitation from the perspectives of professional authority, consent to treatment, and medical record keeping, and establishes parameters for legal accountability and health data protection in the relationship between patients, physiotherapists, and platform providers. The method used is normative jurisprudence with qualitative literature studies and thematic synthesis of health norms, electronic system norms, personal data protection norms, consumer protection norms, and civil contract principles. The results of the review show that tele-rehabilitation authority is vested in physiotherapists who are registered and licensed to practice, and who are required to work in accordance with physiotherapy service standards and SOPs that are adaptive to remote services. Consent for tele-rehabilitation is understood as a communication process that provides information about the objectives, procedures, risks, alternatives, limitations of remote services, and referral procedures, then stated in an electronic form that meets the requirements of a valid agreement and can be proven. Service records must be kept through medical records, including electronic medical records that guarantee integrity, security, confidentiality, and traceability of changes. In a tripartite relationship, the physiotherapist's responsibility centers on clinical standards of care, while the platform's responsibility centers on system reliability, security, and data processing for legitimate purposes. Health data protection is established through explicit consent, purpose limitation, data minimization, access control, incident notification, and fulfilment of data subject rights. Remedies include administrative sanctions, civil claims for damages, and the application of criminal provisions for certain violations. This article emphasizes the need for a clear division of roles between clinical service providers and technology providers, as well as documentation and security designs that strengthen legal certainty for all parties.
Tele-rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Legality, Approval of actions, Electronic medical records, Personal data protection, Legal liability
Digital Technology and Large Data in Contemporary Social Structures
This literature-based study examines how digital technologies and large-scale data practices reshape social structures and everyday interactions. Drawing on qualitative thematic synthesis, the study explores shifts in work relations, social solidarity, and access to welfare as experienced within digitally mediated environments. Digital systems reorganize work by introducing data-driven evaluation, flexible arrangements, and algorithmic coordination, which alter perceptions of recognition, security, and professional identity. Social interaction increasingly unfolds through networked platforms, producing new forms of connection that rely on symbolic exchange, rapid communication, and shared narratives rather than physical proximity. These patterns foster fluid solidarity while simultaneously encouraging segmentation and selective affiliation. Access to welfare and public services becomes closely tied to digital literacy and the ability to navigate automated systems, creating new lines of inclusion and exclusion. The study highlights how data-based decision processes influence perceptions of fairness and trust, as individuals often encounter opaque mechanisms that translate lived experience into numerical representation. Overall, the findings indicate that digital technology functions as a structuring force that shapes meaning, power relations, and social experience. By synthesizing established theoretical perspectives, this study provides a conceptual foundation for understanding contemporary social change driven by digital systems and data practices, offering insights for future scholarly reflection and policy-oriented discourse.
Digital society, Big data, Social relations, Work relations, Social solidarity, Welfare access, Digital interaction
Business Dispute Resolution through Arbitration and Mediation within the National Legal Framework
This article examines the resolution of business disputes through arbitration and mediation using normative legal methods. The study focuses on the construction of regulations in Law No. 30 of 1999 concerning Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution, as well as mediation regulations in court through PERMA No. 1 of 2016 and relevant electronic court service tools. The analysis assesses how norms shape forum selection, organize jurisdiction, and connect private mechanisms with court authority at the stages of registration, enforcement, and annulment of arbitration awards. The results of the study show that the design of arbitration emphasizes the finality of awards and limits legal remedies, but still requires judicial support for enforcement through execution. In court mediation, the obligation to undergo mediation before the main case examination provides space for agreement-based settlements that can be strengthened as peace deeds with executory force. This article then formulates normative measures for assessing the performance of arbitration and mediation based on four parameters: legal certainty, enforceability of outcomes, total costs, and confidentiality. Legal certainty is tested through the clarity of clauses, the validity of the process, and the finality of the outcome. Enforceability is measured by the accuracy of decision registration, the smooth issuance of writs of execution, and the strictness of grounds for cancellation under Article 70 of Law 30/1999. Total costs are analyzed through cost structure, cost allocation, and compliance with examination deadlines. Confidentiality is assessed based on document access arrangements, party discipline, and electronic process security. These measures are used to assess the suitability between norms and transaction needs, including the ability of the mechanism to handle high-value disputes, recurring disputes, and disputes requiring temporary protection. The article emphasizes the distinction between the position of legislation and the rules of arbitration institutions that apply due to the choice of the parties, so that procedural assessments remain rooted in Law 30/1999 and PERMA. The practical implication is that companies need to prepare decision mandates, contract filing systems, and confidentiality protocols from the pre-litigation stage. For the courts, the consistency of enforcement services determines the credibility of alternative dispute resolution nationally.
Arbitration, Mediation, Business disputes, Legal certainty, Enforcement, Confidentiality, Case costs
Responsibilities of Digital Marketplace Platforms and Anticompetitive Assessments in Business Law
This article examines competition law in the digital marketplace sector, focusing on the regulation of platforms' duties and responsibilities towards merchants and consumers. The research uses a normative juridical method based on qualitative literature studies and thematic synthesis of relevant legislation and verified academic doctrines. The analysis positions marketplaces as trade service providers that regulate market access through terms of service, interface design, and data-based decisions. The first finding shows that the construction of platform obligations towards consumers rests on the obligations of information honesty, transaction security, data protection, and the provision of enforceable loss recovery. Towards merchants, platform obligations include fair treatment, transparency of commission and promotion terms, orderly account enforcement procedures, and the provision of a secure and well-functioning system as a prerequisite for business certainty. The second finding formulates normative measures to assess potentially anti-competitive actions through access arrangements, ranking, and service policies. These measures assess the relevant market and market power, then test whether the policies create artificial barriers to entry, discrimination without objective justification, self-preferencing, service tying or bundling, and consumer steering restrictions through anti-steering. The assessment is conducted using a rule of reason approach that weighs the consequences of exclusion and consumer harm against efficiency justifications and less restrictive alternatives. The article emphasizes the importance of procedural accountability, including notification of policy changes, testable reasons, effective appeal channels, and data management that limits conflicts of interest. The practical implication is the need for internal governance that documents policy objectives, ranking parameters at the category level, and records of sanctions imposed for auditing purposes. Platforms are encouraged to establish data access separation between business units, account recovery mechanisms, and rapid security incident reporting. For regulators, the results of this study support the development of PMSE compliance and the strengthening of dispute resolution coordination. For the market, the application of these normative measures is expected to maintain quality-based competition, reasonable prices, and transaction trust, as well as minimize uncertainty for small traders and consumers in daily transactions in the marketplace.
Digital marketplace, Business competition, Consumer protection, Electronic transactions, Dominant position, Ranking, Rule of reason
Consent and Reporting of Periodic Screening of Workers Exposed to Chemicals in Factories
This article explores the legal aspects of periodic health screening for factory workers exposed to chemicals, focusing on consent for medical treatment and reporting governance. Utilizing a normative juridical method, the study reviews health legislation, medical practice, occupational safety, labour laws, and personal data protection, analysing the relationships between doctors, workers, and employers. The findings indicate that valid consent must be free, specific, informed, and documented, in accordance with Health Law 17/2023 and related regulations. Effective implementation requires anti-retaliation policies, clear communication, and separation of access between occupational safety and human resources units. In terms of reporting, companies must disclose information to improve working conditions while adhering to medical confidentiality and personal data protection laws. This research proposes a governance model for managing medical records that includes concise reporting formats and security protocols. Compliance with legal standards for periodic screening necessitates written SOPs, privacy training, and mechanisms for objections and reviews, thereby enhancing worker health protection and fulfilling employer obligations without compromising privacy rights. Practical implications involve creating consent forms for various examinations, identifying report recipients, and employing pseudonymization in data analysis. Companies should establish appropriate retention periods for records and ensure controlled destruction. Doctors are encouraged to communicate results clearly to workers, provide understandable explanations, and document refusals without negative labelling. For serious findings, prompt communication while protecting identities is crucial. This framework emphasizes prevention and fosters trust, ensuring voluntary participation in health screenings by workers.
Health screening, Consent to treatment, Medical confidentiality, K3 reporting, Personal data, Chemical exposure, Medical records
Privacy Rights, Inference, and User Trust in Digital Platform Services
Digital services increasingly translate everyday actions into durable data traces that are collected, linked, and interpreted at scale. This literature-based study clarifies how privacy is redefined when personal information is generated continuously through platforms, devices, and connected infrastructures. Privacy is treated as a set of rights and practical conditions: intelligible notice, meaningful consent, limitation of processing purposes, proportional retention, and accountability for automated inferences. The discussion shows that security and privacy are experienced together by users, because breach narratives, authentication frictions, interface defaults, and recovery procedures shape trust and sharing decisions. Individuals negotiate boundaries through selective disclosure, identity separation, permission management, and post-incident adaptations, yet these practices remain vulnerable to inference, aggregation, and third-party data flows. The study synthesizes conceptual arguments on relational privacy, the temporal problem of persistent records, and the epistemic reach of profiling, then connects them to everyday behavioral trade-offs between convenience and self-protection. It concludes that sustainable protection requires aligning system design with human decision limits, reducing hidden secondary uses, and providing usable mechanisms to review, withdraw, and audit data practices. The article contributes an integrated conceptual map that can guide policy drafting, organizational governance, and privacy-respecting product design. Across sectors such as finance, health, education, and employment, these dynamics raise questions of fairness, autonomy, and due process. By articulating boundary principles and behavioral pathways, the study supports more precise evaluation of digital data practices in real-world use.
Privacy, Data security, Consent, Profiling, Data retention, Trust, User behavior
Digital Credit Regulations in Business Law and Financial Markets
This article examines fintech regulations and digital credit practices within the framework of national business and financial market law using a normative legal approach. The study focuses on the validity of electronic contracts, licensing and governance of operators, consumer protection, personal data security, collection mechanisms, and legal certainty for business actors. The analysis shows that the applicable regulations place digital credit as a legitimate and supervised business activity, with obligations of information disclosure, responsible data management, financing exposure restrictions, and periodic reporting. Consumer protection is realized through the right to clear information, fair collection practices, and privacy guarantees. Legal certainty for business actors is obtained through licensing, governance standards, and compliance across legal regimes, including taxation. Law enforcement against illegal operators reinforces market discipline and protects the public interest. The findings emphasize the importance of consistent supervision and the quality of digital contracts to maintain trust and order in the technology-based financing market.
Fintech, Digital credit, Consumer protection, Legal certainty, Electronic contracts, Financial supervision, Personal data
Legal Regulation of Multinational Corporate Health Services and Local Legal Obligations
The provision of health services by multinational corporations presents legal challenges that require strict regulations to protect the public interest. This study aims to analyse the legal aspects of the provision of health services by multinational corporations in Indonesia, with a focus on licensing, accreditation, and local legal responsibilities. The method used is normative juridical through literature study and analysis of laws and regulations governing the health, investment, and corporation sectors. The results of the study show that Indonesian law places licensing and accreditation as the main obligations that determine the legality of health service operations. Multinational corporations are required to adjust their operational standards to national provisions, including service quality standards, patient safety, and health worker management. Local legal responsibilities include compliance with health regulations, personal data protection, consumer protection, financial accountability, and government oversight mechanisms. This legal framework emphasises that the presence of multinational corporations in the health sector does not diminish national legal sovereignty. This study confirms that legal compliance is a key requirement for healthcare services provided by multinational corporations to be legally accepted and sustainable, while also guaranteeing the protection of people's rights to quality and safe healthcare services.
Health services, Multinational corporations, Licensing, Accreditation, Legal liability, Health law, Regulations
Health Product Advertising Regulations and the Legal Consequences of Misleading Claims
Legal regulations on advertising and marketing of health products are important in maintaining public safety and guaranteeing the public's right to accurate information. Health products promoted through exaggerated claims or claims that are not supported by scientific evidence have the potential to cause health, economic and social harm. This study employs a normative legal approach by examining legislation governing advertising, consumer protection, health, broadcasting, information technology, and professional and corporate liability. The discussion shows that the national legal system has established a comprehensive control mechanism for health claims, including administrative supervision, criminal sanctions, civil liability, professional ethical sanctions, and legal entity accountability. Health claims are positioned as legal statements that must be normatively and scientifically accountable. The legal consequences of misleading claims are multidimensional and complementary, with the primary objective of protecting the public from the risks of false information. The results of this study confirm that compliance with regulations is not merely a formal obligation, but a prerequisite for maintaining public trust in health products and services. The existing legal framework provides a strong basis for the state to control health marketing practices and ensure that businesses and health workers act in accordance with the principles of integrity, transparency, and accountability.
Health advertising, Misleading claims, Consumer protection, Health law, Legal liability, Product marketing, Regulation
Regulation of Treasury shares in Public Companies and Share Governance
This study discusses the regulation and application of treasury shares in public companies from the perspective of corporate law and capital markets. Treasury shares are understood as shares that have been issued and then repurchased by the company for specific purposes that are legally valid. In the corporate legal system, these shares are classified as passive shares that do not have voting rights or dividend rights, so their status is different from shares owned by active shareholders. This study uses a normative juridical method with a regulatory and corporate law doctrine approach. The results of the study show that the regulation of treasury shares is designed to maintain a balance between the interests of corporations in managing capital structure and the rights of shareholders to legal protection. Capital market regulations set quantitative limits, information disclosure obligations, and shareholder approval mechanisms as control instruments. The application of treasury shares has direct implications for corporate governance through increased director accountability, policy transparency, and strengthened protection for minority shareholders. In addition, supervision by capital market authorities and the application of administrative sanctions serve as guarantees of legal compliance. With a structured legal framework, treasury shares can function as a legitimate capital management instrument without disrupting the fairness and integrity of the capital market.
Treasury shares, Public companies, Capital markets, Corporate governance, Shareholder protection, Share buybacks, Company law
Relational Dynamics Shaping Job Satisfaction Among Employees in Startup Organizational Settings
This study investigates how interpersonal relationships influence employee job satisfaction in startup companies. Drawing upon interdisciplinary literature, the analysis identifies trust, communication quality, emotional support, feedback culture, relational inclusion, conflict navigation, and peer recognition as decisive variables shaping how satisfaction is experienced and sustained. Startups are shown to operate in highly relational environments, where team cohesion and mutual affirmation often compensate for the absence of formal structure. Unlike traditional corporations, these companies require fluid, emotionally intelligent interactions to maintain employee motivation and engagement. The study reveals that satisfaction is not merely a function of task design or incentives, but is deeply embedded in the relational architecture of the workplace. Positive interpersonal dynamics reinforce belonging and emotional resilience, while fractured relationships contribute to alienation and attrition. The findings call for a more intentional incorporation of relational indicators into research and practice, especially in startups where the boundaries between professional and personal spheres are often blurred. The paper concludes by recommending relationally centered leadership models and peer-based recognition systems that align with the fast-paced, people-driven nature of startup culture. By elevating the study of interpersonal connection, the analysis contributes to a broader understanding of job satisfaction grounded in human experience.
Job satisfaction, Interpersonal relationship, Startup companies, Workplace inclusion, Emotional support, Peer feedback, Communication climate
Technologies Optimization to Increase Environmental Awareness and Employee Engagement in the Workplace
In recent years, increasing environmental awareness in the workplace has become a highly relevant topic for many organizations. Technology, particularly apps and digital platforms, plays a crucial role in increasing employee participation in sustainability initiatives. By using technology, companies can educate employees, monitor sustainability practices, and create spaces for their active engagement in reducing their carbon footprint and managing resources efficiently. In this research, it is examined how technology can facilitate increased environmental awareness and how companies can optimize such technology to increase overall organizational performance. The use of technology for sustainability not only increases the quality of environmental management, but also strengthens the company's commitment to long-term sustainability. Going forward, companies need to ensure that every employee has equal access to the technologies used to raise environmental awareness and create a more personalized and enjoyable experience. This research highlights the importance of creating a culture of sustainability in the workplace through technology, and how this can support better and more sustainable organizational performance.
Technology, Environmental awareness, Workplace, Sustainability, Digital applications, Employee engagement, Resource management
The Authority of Startup Directors and the Legal Responsibility for Corporate Management
This study examines the authority and responsibilities of directors in start-up companies from a corporate law perspective. The purpose of the study is to explain the basis of directors' authority at the establishment and management stages and to assess the limits of directors' legal liability for corporate risks and losses. The method used is normative juridical through the examination of laws and regulations governing companies, investment, capital markets, employment, personal data protection, and business licensing. The results of the study show that the board of directors is a management body with full authority to run the company and represent the company in legal relationships. At the establishment stage, the authority of the board of directors determines the validity of the company's legal personality. At the management stage, this authority is limited by the company's objectives and purposes and compliance with sectoral regulations in accordance with the startup's field of business. The legal responsibility of the board of directors is assessed based on good faith, prudence, and legal compliance. Business risks that are managed appropriately are protected, while losses due to negligence or regulatory violations result in personal and collective liability. These findings emphasize the importance of legally compliant governance to maintain the sustainability of startups and protect the interests of shareholders and the public.
Board of Directors, Startup, Limited liability company, Authority, Legal liability, Business risk, Corporate governance
Internal Audit Obligations and Corporate Legal Liability for Corruption
This study examines the relationship between the implementation of internal audits and corporate legal accountability for anti-corruption regulatory violations through a normative juridical approach. Internal audits are understood as a legal obligation of companies that serves to maintain compliance with laws and regulations and ensure the integrity of business activities. The study focuses on how internal audits form mechanisms for the prevention, detection, and assessment of corruption violations within corporate structures. The analysis was conducted through a review of corporate legal norms, governance principles, and anti-corruption provisions governing corporate accountability. The results of the study show that internal audits have a strategic position as a measure of corporate prudence. Consistent implementation of internal audits demonstrates preventive efforts and corporate legal awareness, which can influence the assessment of the level of corporate fault in the event of a violation. Conversely, weaknesses in internal auditing can be interpreted as structural negligence that aggravates legal liability. Internal auditing also functions as a detective mechanism that enables companies to identify irregularities before they cause wider losses. In addition, internal audits support accountability and information disclosure, which are the basis of stakeholder trust. Thus, internal audits are not merely an internal control tool, but a legal instrument that determines the legitimacy and accountability of a company. This study confirms that strengthening internal audits is an important prerequisite for creating corporate legal compliance and preventing systematic corruption in the business world.
Internal audit, Legal compliance, Corporate accountability, Anti-corruption, Corporate governance, Internal control, Business law
Legal Aspects of Private Vaccine Distribution and Cross-Subsidy in the National Health System
Vaccine distribution is an important element in the national health care system that serves to prevent disease and strengthen public health resilience. In Indonesia, private sector involvement in vaccine distribution is regulated by various laws and regulations that guarantee the public's right to health, but still require strict supervision by the state. This study aims to examine the legal aspects of vaccine distribution by the private sector and formulate how cross-subsidy mechanisms can be legally designed to guarantee access to vaccines for low-income communities. The research method used is normative legal analysis of positive legal provisions and implementing regulations in the fields of health, public financing, and consumer protection. The results of the study show that current regulations have provided a legal basis for private sector involvement in vaccine distribution, but their implementation requires refinement in the form of more detailed technical regulations. Cross-subsidies can be formulated through a tiered tariff scheme, integration with social security, and state-controlled vaccine pricing. All of these mechanisms must be complemented by a system of transparency, auditing, and legal sanctions to ensure accountability and effectiveness. This study contributes to the development of a more equitable and inclusive Indonesian health law.
Health law, Vaccine distribution, Private sector, Cross-subsidies, BPJS, Access to services, Health policy
Enforcement of Compensation Rights for Victims of Work Accidents in the Era of High Automation
The transition of industry towards high automation reinforces the urgency of reconstructing the law on the settlement of compensation claims for victims of workplace accidents in manufacturing and service companies. This study examines the legal characteristics and practical obstacles in the settlement of claims based on a normative legal framework, supplemented by an analysis of the social security system, the implementation of occupational safety management systems, and the governance of electronic evidence. The findings show that labor regulations have protected workers' rights to compensation through the principle of no-fault liability and regulate the procedures for registration, reporting, and payment of Work Accident Insurance benefits. However, obstacles in the field arise due to administrative non-compliance, unpreparedness in identifying automation risks, vulnerability in digital data verification, and weak coordination of internal functions within companies. Claims procedures need to be adapted to technological demands, in terms of incident documentation, data management, and post-accident recovery. Normative solutions include membership audits, updating SMK3 standards, implementing electronic data retention, and strengthening transparent dispute resolution channels. The research results recommend the adaptation of regulations and legal literacy at all levels, so that workers' compensation rights remain guaranteed without hindering company innovation. Optimizing synergy between companies, workers, and regulators is key to driving the transformation of the labor law system in the era of digitalization and the 4.0 industrial revolution.
Compensation claims, Workplace accidents, Automation, Social security, Workplace safety, Electronic evidence, Employment law
Exploring the Civic Architecture of Accountability in Contemporary Public Policy Systems
This study investigates the mechanisms through which civil society organizations (CSOs) monitor and influence the implementation and accountability of public policy. Drawing from interdisciplinary literature spanning governance, political science, and development studies, the analysis reveals that CSOs engage in multifaceted strategies including grassroots data collection, policy analysis, strategic litigation, digital monitoring, and transnational advocacy. These functions allow CSOs to operate as both watchdogs and co-governors in contemporary public administration. The findings highlight that the efficacy of these monitoring practices depends on legal environments, institutional openness, resource access, and civic agency. CSOs enhance transparency by transforming technical policy information into public knowledge and creating participatory spaces where citizens can hold institutions accountable. The review also emphasizes the growing importance of digital innovation and transnational networks in expanding the scope of civil society monitoring. Challenges such as civic space contraction, co-optation, and fragmentation are acknowledged, but CSOs’ adaptive resilience continues to sustain their influence. The study concludes that civil society oversight reconfigures democratic governance by embedding accountability within everyday civic practices. It argues for policy frameworks that facilitate institutional responsiveness to CSO engagement and calls for empirical research that further examines relational dynamics, knowledge translation, and collaborative monitoring paradigms.
Civil society organizations, Public accountability, Policy monitoring, Participatory governance, Transparency, Strategic advocacy, Institutional reform
Establishing a Digital School Environment Friendly to Children with Special Needs Through Inclusive Policies and Practices
Digital inclusive education requires teachers, institutions, and all stakeholders to be ready to adapt in order to provide equal learning opportunities for children with special needs. This study describes the dynamics of teacher adaptation, administrative and psychosocial challenges, and institutional strategies for creating a technology-friendly learning environment. It also highlights the role of professional mentoring, family collaboration, and community-based innovation as keys to survival in the early stages of a digital inclusive teacher's career. The results show that institutional support systems have a significant effect on the quality and sustainability of inclusive education. Institutions that are proactive in providing infrastructure, strengthening human resource capacity, and developing adaptive curricula are better able to realize equitable digital education. On the other hand, monitoring, periodic evaluation, and improved psychosocial services are the main foundations for the success of the programmed. Efforts to strengthen the digital education ecosystem require not only technological innovation, but also cultural transformation, reflective habits, and comprehensive partnerships between schools, families, and communities. This article emphasizes that equitable education can only be achieved if all institutional policies and practices are based on a commitment to inclusion, sustainability, and continuous adaptation to the changing times.
Inclusive education, Children with special needs, Novice teachers, Institutional policy, Digital transformation, Family involvement, Adaptive learning environment
Legal Obligations and Enforcement of Financial Transparency and Tax Reporting Regulations in Companies
This study analyses the legal obligations of companies in financial and tax transparency reporting in Indonesia using a normative legal approach based on all applicable national regulations. This study outlines the legal basis, corporate management responsibilities, and reporting and disclosure standards that must be met by companies under the Limited Liability Company Law, Capital Market Law, Financial Services Authority Law, and all the latest tax regulations, including regulations on transfer pricing documentation and beneficial ownership transparency. The study found that the legal basis has established a system of openness and integration of commercial and fiscal reporting based on digital technology through the Government Regulation on Financial Reporting and the Directorate General of Taxes' online ecosystem system. However, the effectiveness of regulatory enforcement still depends on the coherence of norms, coordination between supervisory agencies, and the readiness of administrative infrastructure and implementing resources. Regulatory enforcement is optimal when governance synergy, supervisory capabilities, and technology adoption are able to reduce loopholes for violations, facilitate audits, and strengthen a sense of fairness for all stakeholders. This study recommends technical rule refinement, cross-authority data harmonisation, and continuous education as pillars for future improvement. This study provides a theoretical contribution to the development of business law and practical encouragement for policymakers and business actors to interpret transparency and tax reporting as a manifestation of accountability and national competitiveness, thereby strengthening the credibility of the legal system and the business ecosystem in the era of digital globalisation.
Financial reporting, Transparency, Governance, Taxation, Business law, Regulatory enforcement, Digitalisation
Law on the Resolution of Minority Shareholder Conflicts in Public Companies Based on the National Regulatory System
This study discusses the legal characteristics and normative legal mechanisms for resolving conflicts over minority share ownership in publicly listed companies in Indonesia. The study is based on the Limited Liability Company Law, capital market regulations, and various provisions of the Financial Services Authority and the Indonesia Stock Exchange, which prescriptively protect minority rights, particularly through appraisal rights, pre-emptive rights, and tender offers. Protection is reinforced by governance based on independent commissioners and audit committees, and supported by disclosure requirements so that every shareholder has an adequate basis for decision-making and is not ignored in any corporate action. In the event of a change of control, material transactions, or dilution of ownership, the legal system provides an exit route at a fair price, a room for objection, and the right to file an examination or civil lawsuit in the event of a violation. Thus, the conflict resolution mechanism is not only formal, but also actual and substantive in maintaining the balance of interests of all shareholders of public companies. This study emphasises the need for consistent enforcement of regulations and the empowerment of minority shareholders through education and the strengthening of participation procedures to ensure optimal legal protection.
Ownership conflicts, Minority shares, Public companies, Normative legal, Appraisal rights, Transparency, Resolution mechanisms
Legality and Privacy Protection Standards in Telepsychiatry and Online Mental Health Services
The rapid growth of digitalization in the healthcare sector provides great opportunities for telepsychiatry and online mental health services in Indonesia. This law research analyzes the validity, privacy protection, and professional standards of telepsychiatry and digital mental health based on applicable regulations. A normative law method was used by examining laws related to health, personal data protection, medical practice, and technical regulations on telemedicine. The findings show that telepsychiatry services have gained lawfulness subject to compliance with professional standards, health worker credentials, the validity of electronic medical records, and electronic consent. Personal data protection and patient privacy are strictly regulated, with requirements for technical control of data access and regular audits. One of the biggest challenges is ensuring data security and the validity of medical records in online interactions, as well as ensuring that risk mitigation and clinical referral mechanisms are effective. Enforcement of clinical accountability through internal audits and professional supervision is the main guarantee of service quality and the protection of patient rights. This research highlights the need to strengthen governance, develop online mental health information systems, and foster multi-stakeholder collaboration to respond to the demands of technology-based healthcare system changes.
Telepsychiatry, Health law, Privacy, Electronic medical records, Professional standards, Digitization, Data protection