Ethical–Legal Perspective of Stem Cell Therapy Under
Stem cell therapy is a promising medical innovation for the treatment of various degenerative and chronic diseases. However, the use of this therapy in Indonesia faces big challenges, both from the perspective of positive law which still limits the use of stem cells, and from the perspective of Islamic law which has ethical principles in the use of medical technology. This research aims to analyses the legal status of stem cell therapy from the perspectives of Indonesian positive law and Islamic law. This research is a normative juridical research as well as an istinbāṭ method, mainly on Indonesian law and progressive fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). Positive law in Indonesia is restrictive towards the use of embryonic-based stem cells in order to maintain biomedical ethics but prevent optimal potential. From the perspective of Islamic law, the use of stem cells is considered acceptable for the benefit of the people, especially if they are used for the purpose of curing diseases in emergency situations (maqasid sharia) and providing space for adaptation to scientific developments that can provide great benefits to society. Therefore, stem cell therapy in Indonesia is permitted for medical purposes in accordance with positive law, but is limited to the use of non-embryonic stem cells, while Islamic law supports the use of this therapy based on the principles of maqasid sharia, which prioritizes the benefit of the people. The importance of harmonization between positive law and Islamic law in Indonesia to create policies that are more inclusive, fair and responsive to stem cell development.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Social Science Studies
Strengthening Moral Values and Legal Compliance in Corporate Managerial Decision-Making Practices
Business ethics and legal obligations are two key foundations of responsible corporate management practices. This study aims to examine how moral principles and legal requirements can be harmonized in the managerial decision-making process. Using a literature study approach, this research analyzes various theories and practices that integrate ethics with formal regulations in organizational governance. The results show that the success of such alignment is influenced by factors such as ethical leadership, internal control systems, an operational code of conduct, and an organizational culture that supports transparency and accountability. The study also emphasizes the importance of ethics training and safe reporting mechanisms as instruments supporting organizational integrity. The alignment of moral values and the rule of law is proven to not only prevent violations, but also improve the quality of corporate relationships with stakeholders. Therefore, the integration of these two dimensions should be part of the structural and functional design of modern corporate management. The results of this study are expected to make a conceptual contribution to the development of a value-based managerial system and legal legitimacy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Social Science Studies
Duality and Dynamics of Education in the Transformation of Gender Roles in Modern Society
The transformation of gender roles is a characteristic of modern society, with education often considered a key instrument in this process. This academic paper, based on a literature review, aims to analyses how education influences gender equality and changes in social roles. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach with a thematic synthesis method of relevant literature. The findings show that education has a duality: it can reproduce inequality through hidden curricula and biased pedagogical practices, but at the same time has the potential to be a vehicle for transformation when designed critically. Increased participation of women in higher education has encouraged the renegotiation of roles in the family and the labor market, despite being hampered by double burdens and institutional biases such as the motherhood penalty. The success of education as an instrument of change is highly dependent on institutional support factors such as strong political commitment, a supportive legal framework, alliances with social movements, and adequate public infrastructure. This paper concludes that the effectiveness of education in promoting gender equality is not automatic, but rather the result of a configuration of deliberate policy, reflective pedagogical practices, and alignment with broader social transformation. The implications demand a systemic and sustainable managerial approach at all levels of education provision.
Telemedicine Diagnosis Error Compensation Mechanism: Normative Analysis of Patient Health Law
This article examines compensation mechanisms for victims of misdiagnosis in telemedicine services using a normative legal approach. The analysis focuses on the legal relationship between healthcare professionals’ obligations, electronic system operators’ responsibilities, and patients’ rights to information, safety, and compensation. The normative framework includes regulations on telemedicine services, medical practice, healthcare workers, medical records, patient safety, personal data protection, electronic transactions, consumer protection, and civil and criminal liability for negligence. The study finds that compensation may be pursued through multiple complementary channels, including professional disciplinary processes, administrative enforcement against healthcare facilities, civil litigation for material and immaterial damages, consumer dispute mechanisms for digital services, and criminal proceedings in cases of serious negligence. Proof of liability is primarily assessed through three pillars. First, valid informed consent must include clear explanations of telemedicine limitations, risks, and referral options. Second, electronic medical records function as legal evidence and must be complete, accurate, and auditable, covering anamnesis, clinical reasoning, follow-up plans, and referrals. Third, health data governance requires strict integrity, confidentiality, and traceability, where data breaches may constitute an independent basis for compensation claims. This framework enables proportional allocation of responsibility among healthcare professionals, facilities, and platform providers based on proven causality. It enhances legal certainty, strengthens patient protection, and promotes accountability, documentation quality, and system security in telemedicine services.
Supply Chain Management Optimization with IoT and Blockchain Technology to Increase Efficiency and Transparency
Technological developments, particularly the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, provide great potential for increasing transparency, efficiency, and responsiveness in supply chain management. IoT enables real-time data collection through connected sensors, while blockchain offers a decentralized and secure record-keeping system to increase transparency and security in supply chain transactions. This research examines how these two technologies can be integrated in supply chain management to increase a company's operational performance. The use of IoT provides greater visibility into logistics processes and the status of goods, while blockchain strengthens trust and accountability between parties involved in the supply chain. The adoption of these technologies also poses several challenges, such as high implementation costs and the complexity of system integration. Companies need to plan carefully and address security concerns and technology adaptation in order to maximize the benefits offered by these technologies. With the right measures in place, companies can create a more efficient, transparent and responsive supply chain, which can ultimately strengthen their competitiveness in the global market.
Personal Ownership versus Sole Proprietorship: Contract Structure, Liability Risks, and Protection of Owner Assets
This article examines the differences between private ownership and individual limited liability companies in terms of legal protection for small entrepreneurs through a normative juridical method based on literature studies. The analysis uses the Civil Code, the Limited Liability Company Law as amended by the Job Creation Law, and Government Regulation No. 8 of 2021 as the main normative framework. In private ownership, business obligations are attached to the same person, so that personal assets become general collateral for liabilities, which affects contract design, evidence, and litigation positions. In a Private Limited Company, the company acts as a legal entity, so that contracts and evidence are directed at the company's identity, administration, and separation of records. Shareholder protection arises through liability limitations, but can be set aside in cases of corporate abuse or commingling of assets in accordance with the Limited Liability Company Law. PP 8 of 2021 strengthens administrative discipline, particularly the obligation to submit annual financial reports, which is useful for maintaining the separation of transactions and facilitating verification in civil disputes. Findings indicate that the choice of business form shapes different risk patterns: sole proprietorship excels in simplicity, while private limited companies excel in administrative separation and certainty of parties in contracts. This article offers an assessment framework for small entrepreneurs and creditors to draft contracts, documentation, and dispute resolution measures in line with applicable norms. The framework emphasizes the selection of the appropriate party in a lawsuit, the inclusion of the signatory's capacity, and the separation of accounts and archives. With this discipline, dispute resolution can focus on performance and transaction evidence, rather than on the ambiguity of business identity, and improve the traceability of obligations for major creditors.
Arm's Length Transactions and Corporate Evidence in Tax Transfer Pricing Disputes
This article outlines the establishment of arm's length standards for related party transactions and corporate standards of proof in transfer pricing audits and disputes. The arm's length principle requires that related party transactions be assessed as if they were conducted between independent parties. The HPP Law and KUP Law provide the basis for the tax authorities' authority to examine and adjust reports when prices or profits deviate from the standard of fairness, while PMK 213/PMK.03/2016 stipulates documentation requirements through Master Files, Local Files, and Country-by-Country Reports as the main instruments of evidence. The standard of reasonableness is established through comparability tests, the selection of transfer pricing methods, and the assessment of economic substance based on function, assets, and risk. The standard of proof requires traceability between contracts, transaction realization, accounting, and reporting, including evidence of service benefits, royalty bases, and the rationality of intra-group financing. During audits, the quality of documentation determines the scope for correction, while in objections and appeals, the standard of proof is re-examined according to the rules of procedure of the Tax Court. For cross-border transactions, the P3B provides a Mutual Agreement Procedure that requires consistency of evidence with the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines to avoid double taxation. This article concludes that the burden of proof is dynamic: the authorities present the basis for correction, then the company is required to substantiate its claim of fairness with verifiable data. Failure to meet the standard of proof results in administrative consequences under the KUP Law and may develop into a criminal tax risk if there is intent to submit false data.
Islamic Education for All: A Review of Strategies and Inclusion Frameworks for Students with Special Needs
Inclusive education has become a global commitment, but its implementation in Islamic Religious Education (IRE) subjects still faces many challenges. This academic paper based on literature study aims to synthesize findings on strategies and frameworks for inclusive IRE for students with special needs. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach with a thematic synthesis method of relevant literature. The results of the study show that inclusive PAI planning requires individual needs assessment, differentiated learning, and collaboration. The adaptation of materials, methods, and media must be specific to the disability, such as the use of tactile-auditory media for the blind, visual-sign language for the deaf, and a structured and concrete approach for students with autism. The success of implementation is greatly influenced by school leadership, resource availability, and inclusive culture, while the main obstacles are attitudes, budget constraints, and lack of support. The role of school management as a driver of change is a key determinant in overcoming obstacles. This paper concludes that realizing inclusive PAI requires integrated efforts involving policy transformation, strengthening teacher capacity, providing accessible resources, and building partnerships with all stakeholders to guarantee the spiritual rights of every student.
Integration of Management Information Systems (MIS) in Strategic Decision Making to Improve Organization Performance
Management Information Systems (MIS) play an important role in supporting strategic decision making in organization. By providing accurate, relevant and timely data, they help decision makers to develop more appropriate strategies, improve operational efficiency and organization performance. Proper MIS integration not only supports the management of internal resources, but also accelerates adaptation to changing markets and business needs. As technology advances and the business environment becomes more complex, MIS becomes a critical tool for analyzing data and making more evidence-based decisions. The success of MIS implementation is highly dependent on a well-integrated system and the organization's ability to manage data and information effectively. Organization that can optimally utilize MIS has the potential to achieve a competitive advantage in a dynamic market. It is important for companies to continuously invest in the development of MIS that is relevant to their needs and strategic objectives
Authentic Assessment in Islamic Education: A Study of Models, Instruments, and Implementation Factors
The evaluation of Islamic Religious Education (IRE) learning, which has largely focused on cognitive aspects, is considered incapable of measuring the affective and spiritual dimensions that are its main objectives. This academic paper, based on a literature review, aims to examine authentic evaluation models in IRE, focusing on their characteristics, instruments, and supporting and inhibiting factors for their implementation. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach with a thematic synthesis method of relevant literature. The results of the study show that authentic assessment offers principles such as relevance to real tasks and continuous assessment that can be applied to assess attitudes, worship practices, and morals. Various instruments such as attitude scales, observations, portfolios, and performance assessments can be developed by considering validity and reliability. The implementation of this model faces supporting factors such as school leadership and teacher competence, as well as obstacles such as teacher workload and the pressure of a standardized evaluation system. This paper concludes that the development of an authentic PAI evaluation model requires a systemic approach involving policy adjustments, strengthening teacher capacity, and building understanding with all stakeholders so that assessment truly reflects the success of comprehensive education.
A Literature Review on Social Rehabilitation Programs for Ex-Prisoners in Enhancing Quality of Life
This literature-based inquiry explores how structured social rehabilitation programs affect the post-release quality of life among ex-prisoners. Drawing on interdisciplinary research spanning criminology, public policy, and psychology, the study identifies core components that shape reintegration: psychosocial therapy, vocational training, educational attainment, legal support, and community engagement. Evidence suggests that effective rehabilitation contributes to emotional resilience, economic participation, and social inclusion. While recidivism remains a common indicator, the review underscores broader dimensions such as identity restoration, familial reconciliation, and civic agency. The analysis highlights both the enabling conditions and systemic obstacles that mediate program outcomes. Structural racism, funding volatility, geographic disparities, and fragmented services continue to hinder sustained transformation. However, programs that are trauma-informed, participatory, and embedded in local networks offer promising pathways to stability and renewal. The study concludes that social rehabilitation must be conceptualized as a dynamic continuum that bridges personal growth and institutional reform. It advocates for policy realignment that privileges relational trust, long-term investment, and dignity-based reintegration models grounded in democratic values.
Assembling the Self, Marking Boundaries: Consumption as a Practice of Identity and Social Distinction
This literature study critically examines consumption as a core social practice for identity construction and expression in contemporary society. Through a qualitative thematic synthesis of scholarly works from 2000 to 2013, the analysis addresses three focal points. First, it elucidates how material products, service subscriptions, and experiential consumption interact and complement each other in forming coherent individual identity narratives. Second, it explores the dialectic between individual agency and social structures particularly class and gender in shaping the choices and meanings attached to consumer goods. Third, it investigates the evolution of social distinction mechanisms within a fragmented cultural landscape and an experience-driven economy, moving beyond traditional hierarchical models towards forms based on cultural omnivorousness, experiential capital, and curatorial expertise. The study concludes that identity is assembled through curated bricolage of market-provided symbols, a process constrained by social structures yet expressing individual agency. Distinction increasingly operates through knowledge and performed experience rather than mere ownership. The findings contribute to a nuanced theoretical understanding of consumption’s role in social stratification and self-formation, highlighting new forms of symbolic inequality in digital and experiential capitalism.
New Dimensions of the Digital Divide: The Cycle of Literacy, Outcomes, and the Reproduction of Social Inequality
This systematic literature review examines the evolution of the digital divide concept beyond physical access, focusing on its new dimensions of digital literacy and outcome inequality. Through a qualitative thematic synthesis of scholarly works, the study addresses two core research questions: the interconnection between literacy and outcome dimensions, and their role in reproducing structural socio-economic injustices. The analysis reveals a mutually reinforcing cycle where disparities in digital literacy encompassing operational, informational, and strategic skills directly determine the capacity to convert access into tangible benefits. This cycle is mediated by psychological, social, and institutional factors. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that these digital inequalities function as a potent mechanism for social reproduction. By gatekeeping opportunities in increasingly digitalized domains of labor, education, public services, and citizenship, inequalities in digital literacy and outcomes consolidate existing privileges and deepen the marginalization of vulnerable groups. The study concludes that the digital divide in its contemporary form is not merely a reflection of traditional inequalities but an active force that re-encodes and amplifies them into the technical logic of the information society. Consequently, effective policy interventions must adopt a multidimensional approach that simultaneously targets access infrastructure, comprehensive literacy development, and the structural conditions that enable the conversion of digital capacity into life-enhancing outcomes.
Engineering the Digital Precariat: Architectures of Instability and Algorithmic Control in the Platform Economy
This systematic literature review investigates the formation of the digital precariat within the platform economy, focusing on the systemic production of labor instability and the operation of algorithmic control. Through a qualitative thematic synthesis of scholarly works, the study addresses two research questions: how platform architecture and business models generate instability and erode social protection, and how algorithmic management governs platform labor. The analysis reveals that the precariat is not an accidental byproduct but a deliberate outcome of a business model built on the legal classification of workers as independent contractors, dynamic pricing, asymmetric commission structures, and maintained labor surplus. This architecture shifts all risks and costs onto workers while platforms retain control and extract stable value. Furthermore, algorithmic control operates through information asymmetries, rating-based discipline, pervasive surveillance, and gamification, which collectively erode worker autonomy, constrain agency, and critically undermine collective capacity by isolating and atomizing the workforce. The study concludes that the digital precariat is a class defined by technological connection coupled with economic vulnerability and social fragmentation, engineered by a political-economic model prioritizing flexible extraction and accountability avoidance. The findings necessitate a fundamental rethinking of labor regulation, advocating for new legal categories, portable social protections, algorithmic transparency, and innovative strategies for worker organization in the digital age.
From Personal Space to Control Society: The Transformation of Privacy and Surveillance Synergies in the Big Data Era
This literature review examines the profound transformation of privacy and the rise of a convergent surveillance society in the big data era. Through a qualitative thematic synthesis, the study addresses two core questions: the conceptual and structural shifts in the meaning of privacy, and the synergistic power dynamics between corporate and state surveillance. The analysis reveals that privacy has evolved from a right to seclusion into a struggle for contextual integrity and autonomy against predictive profiling and data commodification within surveillance capitalism. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that corporate-state surveillance operates through a deeply integrated ecosystem, forming a hybrid power regime fueled by the surveillance-industrial complex and mutual data dependencies. This convergence fundamentally reshapes power relations, eroding individual autonomy through pervasive chilling effects and restructuring civil liberties by subordinating digital public spaces to commercial and state logics. The result is the crystallization of a control society where social sorting and behavioral modulation become normalized functions of governance. The study concludes that addressing these challenges requires moving beyond individual-centric privacy frameworks towards structural interventions that limit data extraction, regulate concentrated power, and foster technological alternatives designed to uphold democratic sovereignty and collective freedom. The findings underscore the urgent need for integrated analytical perspectives, bold public policy, and a reimagined digital common.
The Role of Family in Shaping Identity: A Study of Internal Mechanisms and Socio-Cultural Transmission
This literature review examines the role of the family as a primary socialization agent in shaping a child's identity. Through a qualitative thematic synthesis of scholarly works, the study addresses two core questions: the mechanisms of internal family dynamics in forming personal identity, and the transmission of broader socio-cultural identities. The analysis reveals that personal identity is constructed through transactional processes within the family ecology, involving parenting styles, communication patterns, and emotional security. Simultaneously, families act as crucial conduits for social identity such as culture, religion, and class through daily practices, language, rituals, and habitus, which equip the child with a framework for positioning themselves within societal structures. The study concludes that the family’s influence is fundamental and dual-faceted, integrating psychological and sociological dimensions to shape an individual's self-concept and social belonging. The findings underscore the need for holistic parenting frameworks and educational policies that recognize and support the family’s central role in identity formation.
Family socialization, Identity formation, Personal Identity, Cultural transmission, Parenting Styles, Social Identity, Habitus
Integration of Change Management and Technology Strategy in Digital Transformation
Digital transformation has become a strategic priority for organizations in the modern era, requiring close integration between change management and technology strategy. This transformation process involves not only the adoption of digital technologies, but also fundamental changes in organizational culture, structure, leadership, and business processes. Effective stakeholder engagement, continuous communication, and adequate training programs play a critical role in ensuring that employees are prepared and motivated to adapt to digital change. In addition, fostering a culture of innovation and learning is essential to support long-term transformation efforts. Organizations often face challenges such as resistance to change, limited digital competencies, and misalignment between technological initiatives and organizational goals. These obstacles must be managed systematically to achieve successful outcomes. Organizations that are able to align change management practices with technology strategies can enhance operational efficiency, improve decision-making, and gain sustainable competitive advantage. Ultimately, digital transformation is not a one-time initiative, but an ongoing and dynamic process that requires continuous adaptation, innovation, and strategic alignment to support long-term growth and organizational sustainability.
Digital transformation, Change management, Technology strategy, Employee engagement, Culture of innovation, Challenge, Sustainability
Improving Employee Engagement and Team Development through the Implementation of Flexible and Adaptive Situational Leadership
Situational leadership has a significant impact on employee engagement and team development in organizations. This leadership theory emphasizes the importance of leaders to adapt their style according to the conditions, abilities, and needs of employees. Leaders who are flexible in choosing the right approach for a given situation can create a more productive and collaborative work environment. By approaching employees individually and adapting their leadership style to the circumstances at hand, employee engagement can be improved, and team development can run smoothly. High engagement improves motivation, work quality, and builds a more solid team. Meanwhile, good team development can contribute to achieving organizational aims more efficiently. It is important for leaders to have emotional intelligence and the ability to assess situations well in order to manage teams effectively. Sustainable training and organizational support to strengthen these skills are needed for optimal implementation of situational leadership. This will bring long-term benefits to both individual development and overall organizational success.
Situational leadership, Employee engagement, Team development, Emotional intelligence, Leadership style adaptation, Team management, Effective organizations
Implementing a Just and Sustainable Circular Economy in a Social Context
The circular economy offers a new approach in creating a more sustainable production system by reducing waste and maximizing resource utilization. Its application in a social context requires special attention to the social disparities and inequalities that can arise from such transformation. Circular economy principles can be of great benefit in addressing social and environmental challenges if designed with inclusive and just policies. Engaging various parties, including the government, private sector, and societies, is needed to realize a just circular economy. By focusing policies on equal access to technology and infrastructure, and taking into account diverse social needs, the circular economy can become a pillar of social and environment sustainability. The public must be engaged in every stage of the policy so that the solutions are relevant and acceptable to various social strata. It is important to continuously monitor and evaluate policies to ensure the sustainable and inclusive circular economy.
Circular economy, Sustainable, Policy, Social inequality, Technology access, Society empowerment, Environment
Sustainable and Fair Technology for an Equitable Society
Technological innovation has great potential to solve global problems, but its implementation must be carried out with attention to environmental sustainability and social justice. Technology that is not designed with consideration for both aspects can exacerbate social inequality, damage the environment, and create disparities in access to resources. Therefore, policies are needed to guide the development and application of technology with principles of sustainability and justice, to ensure that its benefits can be felt by all layers of society. A more inclusive and sustainability-based approach can make technology a tool for creating relevant, fair, and responsible solutions. This involves collaboration between the government, technology developers, and society in formulating policies that promote environmentally friendly technology, accessible to many, and do not endanger individual rights. The sustainability of technology is not only related to economic efficiency or technical advancement but also to the moral and ethical aspects that are crucial for achieving collective well-being. The implementation of fair and sustainable technology is a key factor in realizing a better and more sustainable future.
Technological innovation, Environmental sustainability, Social justice, Technology policy, Technology access, Sustainable development, Eco-friendly technology
Technological Pathways Toward Improving Educational Quality in Remote and Underserved School Systems
This literature review explores how technology has been utilized to improve educational service quality in underdeveloped regions. Drawing upon academic research and programmatic case studies, the analysis synthesizes a range of technological interventions including interactive radio instruction, mobile learning, offline digital libraries, blended e-learning platforms, and assistive tools for inclusive education. The findings suggest that educational technology has effectively expanded access, supported curricular delivery, enhanced teacher development, and fostered student engagement in settings marked by geographic isolation and resource scarcity. However, the review emphasizes that technological success is not universal but highly contingent upon sociocultural alignment, localized implementation strategies, and sustained support systems. Tools such as solar-powered tablets, community hotspots, and mobile applications have proven valuable when adapted to local conditions and integrated into broader educational ecosystems. The study further identifies key challenges such as limited content localization, teacher preparedness, infrastructural instability, and short-term program horizons. These insights highlight the need for holistic planning, participatory design, and context-aware policy formulation. The review concludes that while technology holds transformative potential for education in underdeveloped areas, its impact depends on adaptive implementation grounded in local realities. Future initiatives must balance innovation with cultural relevance to realize inclusive and lasting improvements in educational outcomes.
Educational technology, Underdeveloped regions, Mobile learning, Teacher development, Inclusive education, Access equity, Localized implementation
Application of Situational Leadership in Decision Making in Dynamic Organizations
Situational leadership in dynamic and diverse organizations is a determining factor in effective decision-making. This approach allows leaders to adapt their style based on the circumstances and needs of individuals in the team, who are diverse in terms of cultural background and experience. Organizations operating in an environment of change require leaders who are not only able to respond appropriately to situations, but also manage diversity wisely. Tailoring leadership styles to specific situations can increase employee engagement, encourage more effective communication, and create decisions that are oriented towards organizational sustainability and success. The application of situational leadership is therefore crucial in ensuring that decisions are relevant to the needs of diverse teams, and support team performance and overall organizational goals. With the right approach, leaders can facilitate collaboration within diverse teams and ensure that decisions are in line with the organization's vision.
Situational leadership, Decision making, Team diversity, Organizational dynamics, Change management, Employee engagement, Team effectiveness
Consequences of Default in Commercial Marketplace-Based Digital Business Space Leases
This article examines the legal consequences of default in online marketplace-based business space rental contracts using a normative legal method. The rental object is understood as digital space in the form of placement slots, promotional features, or access to transaction modules provided by the platform operator for a certain period of time in exchange for a price. The analysis is based on the Civil Code regarding the validity of agreements, types of performance, cancellation, and compensation, then combined with the regime of electronic transactions and trading through electronic systems that recognize the binding force of electronic contracts and electronic evidence. The discussion emphasizes that the measurement of performance in digital space must be reduced to traceable service parameters, such as feature activation status, display duration, and service disruption records. Default by the platform operator can take the form of failure to provide access or run features in accordance with the package, termination of service before the end of the term without procedural basis, or negligence in maintaining system reliability that causes prolonged disruption. Breaches by tenants may include failure to make payments, use of digital space for activities that violate the terms and conditions, or actions that trigger suspension of services in accordance with the agreement. The main legal consequences include demands for performance, cancellation of the agreement on mutual obligations, and compensation after a declaration of negligence and proof of loss and causality. In digital transactions, evidence relies on electronic documents, system logs, service correspondence, and package change records, making evidence management a prerequisite for fair dispute resolution. This article offers a normative formulation for assessing the fairness of liability limitation clauses, access termination procedures, and proportional forms of recovery, including service restoration and financial compensation. The findings confirm that the transformation of leasing to the digital space does not eliminate the basic principles of binding agreements, but requires a definition of measurable performance and accountable system accountability mechanisms. The regulatory framework used places electronic contracts as binding agreements and requires system operators to maintain security, reliability, and complaint handling procedures. For businesses, the study's findings provide guidelines for compiling evidence from the outset, formulating service indicators in packages, and negotiating termination clauses. For platforms, the study's findings encourage service standards, transparency of changes, and event-based compensation schemes to reduce disputes and maintain business certainty in the digital ecosystem.
Breach of contract, Leasing, Marketplace, Electronic contracts, Compensation, Cancellation, Electronic evidence
Legal Framework for Free Contraception in Community Clinics: Consent and Data Protection
This article examines the distribution and use of free contraceptives in community clinics through a normative legal method with qualitative literature studies and thematic synthesis. The focus is on establishing legal parameters for family planning services at licensed facilities, as well as determining standards for consent and proof of consent in medical records, including confidentiality and health data processing. The analysis links the Health Law, Population Law, Medical Practice Law, Health Personnel Law, clinic regulations, medical records, patient safety, personal data protection, and electronic system regimes. The results of the analysis show that free distribution remains a health service that must meet the prerequisites of facility authority, workforce competence, understandable explanations, voluntariness, and orderly documentation. Legal parameters require clinical screening, logistical quality control, referrals, and incident reporting mechanisms so that access programmes do not create new risks for patients. In the area of consent, minimum standards include explanations of method options, benefits, risks, side effects, warning signs, and alternatives, accompanied by confirmation of patient understanding and the opportunity to refuse. Proof of consent is placed on specific forms and counselling notes in medical records, with a clear authorisation trail for electronic recording. Confidentiality is achieved through access restrictions, separation of individual service data from aggregate reporting, and legally based information release procedures. Health data processing is subject to the principles of clear purpose, minimisation, security, retention, and incident response, so that leak prevention is part of service compliance. This article emphasises that legal certainty for free contraceptive services requires a governance design that balances access, patient safety, and privacy protection, and provides a basis for civil and administrative liability in the event of a breach of obligations. The discussion places community clinics as actors responsible for ensuring operational permits, division of authority, and use of licensed logistics. Consent documents are recommended to include the date, identity of the officer, summary of information, and voluntary statement, then stored in accordance with retention requirements. To strengthen privacy, the article recommends regular training, access audits, and the use of pseudonyms in programme reports. These findings can be used by regulators, facility managers, and professional organisations to develop uniform and auditable operational standards. The scope is limited to the analysis of written norms, so field implementation requires empirical research in various regions and facilities.
Contraception, Consent, Clinic, Confidentiality, Medical records, Family planning, Personal data
Legal Standards for Physical Therapy Tele-Rehabilitation: Authority, Consent, Medical Records, Personal Data
Tele-rehabilitation physiotherapy has developed as a form of electronic-based rehabilitation service that expands access and accelerates therapeutic communication. Changes in the service medium have given rise to the need for legality parameters that ensure services remain safe, orderly, and verifiable. This article examines the formulation of legal standards for tele-rehabilitation from the perspectives of professional authority, consent to treatment, and medical record keeping, and establishes parameters for legal accountability and health data protection in the relationship between patients, physiotherapists, and platform providers. The method used is normative jurisprudence with qualitative literature studies and thematic synthesis of health norms, electronic system norms, personal data protection norms, consumer protection norms, and civil contract principles. The results of the review show that tele-rehabilitation authority is vested in physiotherapists who are registered and licensed to practice, and who are required to work in accordance with physiotherapy service standards and SOPs that are adaptive to remote services. Consent for tele-rehabilitation is understood as a communication process that provides information about the objectives, procedures, risks, alternatives, limitations of remote services, and referral procedures, then stated in an electronic form that meets the requirements of a valid agreement and can be proven. Service records must be kept through medical records, including electronic medical records that guarantee integrity, security, confidentiality, and traceability of changes. In a tripartite relationship, the physiotherapist's responsibility centers on clinical standards of care, while the platform's responsibility centers on system reliability, security, and data processing for legitimate purposes. Health data protection is established through explicit consent, purpose limitation, data minimization, access control, incident notification, and fulfilment of data subject rights. Remedies include administrative sanctions, civil claims for damages, and the application of criminal provisions for certain violations. This article emphasizes the need for a clear division of roles between clinical service providers and technology providers, as well as documentation and security designs that strengthen legal certainty for all parties.
Tele-rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Legality, Approval of actions, Electronic medical records, Personal data protection, Legal liability
Digital Technology and Large Data in Contemporary Social Structures
This literature-based study examines how digital technologies and large-scale data practices reshape social structures and everyday interactions. Drawing on qualitative thematic synthesis, the study explores shifts in work relations, social solidarity, and access to welfare as experienced within digitally mediated environments. Digital systems reorganize work by introducing data-driven evaluation, flexible arrangements, and algorithmic coordination, which alter perceptions of recognition, security, and professional identity. Social interaction increasingly unfolds through networked platforms, producing new forms of connection that rely on symbolic exchange, rapid communication, and shared narratives rather than physical proximity. These patterns foster fluid solidarity while simultaneously encouraging segmentation and selective affiliation. Access to welfare and public services becomes closely tied to digital literacy and the ability to navigate automated systems, creating new lines of inclusion and exclusion. The study highlights how data-based decision processes influence perceptions of fairness and trust, as individuals often encounter opaque mechanisms that translate lived experience into numerical representation. Overall, the findings indicate that digital technology functions as a structuring force that shapes meaning, power relations, and social experience. By synthesizing established theoretical perspectives, this study provides a conceptual foundation for understanding contemporary social change driven by digital systems and data practices, offering insights for future scholarly reflection and policy-oriented discourse.
Digital society, Big data, Social relations, Work relations, Social solidarity, Welfare access, Digital interaction
Business Dispute Resolution through Arbitration and Mediation within the National Legal Framework
This article examines the resolution of business disputes through arbitration and mediation using normative legal methods. The study focuses on the construction of regulations in Law No. 30 of 1999 concerning Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution, as well as mediation regulations in court through PERMA No. 1 of 2016 and relevant electronic court service tools. The analysis assesses how norms shape forum selection, organize jurisdiction, and connect private mechanisms with court authority at the stages of registration, enforcement, and annulment of arbitration awards. The results of the study show that the design of arbitration emphasizes the finality of awards and limits legal remedies, but still requires judicial support for enforcement through execution. In court mediation, the obligation to undergo mediation before the main case examination provides space for agreement-based settlements that can be strengthened as peace deeds with executory force. This article then formulates normative measures for assessing the performance of arbitration and mediation based on four parameters: legal certainty, enforceability of outcomes, total costs, and confidentiality. Legal certainty is tested through the clarity of clauses, the validity of the process, and the finality of the outcome. Enforceability is measured by the accuracy of decision registration, the smooth issuance of writs of execution, and the strictness of grounds for cancellation under Article 70 of Law 30/1999. Total costs are analyzed through cost structure, cost allocation, and compliance with examination deadlines. Confidentiality is assessed based on document access arrangements, party discipline, and electronic process security. These measures are used to assess the suitability between norms and transaction needs, including the ability of the mechanism to handle high-value disputes, recurring disputes, and disputes requiring temporary protection. The article emphasizes the distinction between the position of legislation and the rules of arbitration institutions that apply due to the choice of the parties, so that procedural assessments remain rooted in Law 30/1999 and PERMA. The practical implication is that companies need to prepare decision mandates, contract filing systems, and confidentiality protocols from the pre-litigation stage. For the courts, the consistency of enforcement services determines the credibility of alternative dispute resolution nationally.
Arbitration, Mediation, Business disputes, Legal certainty, Enforcement, Confidentiality, Case costs
Responsibilities of Digital Marketplace Platforms and Anticompetitive Assessments in Business Law
This article examines competition law in the digital marketplace sector, focusing on the regulation of platforms' duties and responsibilities towards merchants and consumers. The research uses a normative juridical method based on qualitative literature studies and thematic synthesis of relevant legislation and verified academic doctrines. The analysis positions marketplaces as trade service providers that regulate market access through terms of service, interface design, and data-based decisions. The first finding shows that the construction of platform obligations towards consumers rests on the obligations of information honesty, transaction security, data protection, and the provision of enforceable loss recovery. Towards merchants, platform obligations include fair treatment, transparency of commission and promotion terms, orderly account enforcement procedures, and the provision of a secure and well-functioning system as a prerequisite for business certainty. The second finding formulates normative measures to assess potentially anti-competitive actions through access arrangements, ranking, and service policies. These measures assess the relevant market and market power, then test whether the policies create artificial barriers to entry, discrimination without objective justification, self-preferencing, service tying or bundling, and consumer steering restrictions through anti-steering. The assessment is conducted using a rule of reason approach that weighs the consequences of exclusion and consumer harm against efficiency justifications and less restrictive alternatives. The article emphasizes the importance of procedural accountability, including notification of policy changes, testable reasons, effective appeal channels, and data management that limits conflicts of interest. The practical implication is the need for internal governance that documents policy objectives, ranking parameters at the category level, and records of sanctions imposed for auditing purposes. Platforms are encouraged to establish data access separation between business units, account recovery mechanisms, and rapid security incident reporting. For regulators, the results of this study support the development of PMSE compliance and the strengthening of dispute resolution coordination. For the market, the application of these normative measures is expected to maintain quality-based competition, reasonable prices, and transaction trust, as well as minimize uncertainty for small traders and consumers in daily transactions in the marketplace.
Digital marketplace, Business competition, Consumer protection, Electronic transactions, Dominant position, Ranking, Rule of reason
Consent and Reporting of Periodic Screening of Workers Exposed to Chemicals in Factories
This article explores the legal aspects of periodic health screening for factory workers exposed to chemicals, focusing on consent for medical treatment and reporting governance. Utilizing a normative juridical method, the study reviews health legislation, medical practice, occupational safety, labour laws, and personal data protection, analysing the relationships between doctors, workers, and employers. The findings indicate that valid consent must be free, specific, informed, and documented, in accordance with Health Law 17/2023 and related regulations. Effective implementation requires anti-retaliation policies, clear communication, and separation of access between occupational safety and human resources units. In terms of reporting, companies must disclose information to improve working conditions while adhering to medical confidentiality and personal data protection laws. This research proposes a governance model for managing medical records that includes concise reporting formats and security protocols. Compliance with legal standards for periodic screening necessitates written SOPs, privacy training, and mechanisms for objections and reviews, thereby enhancing worker health protection and fulfilling employer obligations without compromising privacy rights. Practical implications involve creating consent forms for various examinations, identifying report recipients, and employing pseudonymization in data analysis. Companies should establish appropriate retention periods for records and ensure controlled destruction. Doctors are encouraged to communicate results clearly to workers, provide understandable explanations, and document refusals without negative labelling. For serious findings, prompt communication while protecting identities is crucial. This framework emphasizes prevention and fosters trust, ensuring voluntary participation in health screenings by workers.
Health screening, Consent to treatment, Medical confidentiality, K3 reporting, Personal data, Chemical exposure, Medical records
Privacy Rights, Inference, and User Trust in Digital Platform Services
Digital services increasingly translate everyday actions into durable data traces that are collected, linked, and interpreted at scale. This literature-based study clarifies how privacy is redefined when personal information is generated continuously through platforms, devices, and connected infrastructures. Privacy is treated as a set of rights and practical conditions: intelligible notice, meaningful consent, limitation of processing purposes, proportional retention, and accountability for automated inferences. The discussion shows that security and privacy are experienced together by users, because breach narratives, authentication frictions, interface defaults, and recovery procedures shape trust and sharing decisions. Individuals negotiate boundaries through selective disclosure, identity separation, permission management, and post-incident adaptations, yet these practices remain vulnerable to inference, aggregation, and third-party data flows. The study synthesizes conceptual arguments on relational privacy, the temporal problem of persistent records, and the epistemic reach of profiling, then connects them to everyday behavioral trade-offs between convenience and self-protection. It concludes that sustainable protection requires aligning system design with human decision limits, reducing hidden secondary uses, and providing usable mechanisms to review, withdraw, and audit data practices. The article contributes an integrated conceptual map that can guide policy drafting, organizational governance, and privacy-respecting product design. Across sectors such as finance, health, education, and employment, these dynamics raise questions of fairness, autonomy, and due process. By articulating boundary principles and behavioral pathways, the study supports more precise evaluation of digital data practices in real-world use.
Privacy, Data security, Consent, Profiling, Data retention, Trust, User behavior