Environmental Concern and Cleanliness Participation: The Moderating Effect of Employment Status on Urban Residents
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Abstract
This study aims to analyze the influence of environmental concern on community participation in cleanliness programs and to examine the role of employment status as a moderating variable. A quantitative approach with an explanatory survey design was applied to 100 respondents selected through purposive sampling from an urban area. The research instrument utilized a five-point Likert scale questionnaire to measure environmental concern and participation in cleanliness programs, while employment status was categorized into full-time employed, part-time employed, and unemployed. Data analysis was performed using moderated regression analysis with PROCESS Macro Model 1 in SPSS software. The findings revealed that environmental concern has a positive and significant effect on participation in cleanliness programs. Employment status was proven to moderate this relationship, where the effect of environmental concern on participation was stronger among the unemployed group compared to the part-time employed and full-time employed groups. These findings indicate that time constraints resulting from employment reduce the effectiveness of environmental concern in driving participatory actions. The practical implication of this study is the necessity of adjusting the schedule of cleanliness activities and developing digital participation platforms to accommodate differences in residents' employment status. Future research is recommended to expand the scope of other moderating variables such as income or educational level to enrich the understanding of the dynamics of community participation.
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