Civil Liability for Data Breach and Destruction of Digital Data as Corporate Assets within the Framework of Unlawful Acts
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This normative legal study analyzes the construction of unlawful acts (onrechtmatige daad) in cases of data breach and destruction of digital data as corporate assets. The research focuses on how Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code (BW) can be applied to deliberate or negligent security breaches, positioning data as a protected intangible asset. The method used is qualitative with content and comparative normative analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that the elements of an unlawful ac unlawfulness, fault, loss, and causation can be fulfilled through progressive interpretation. Unlawfulness is established by violations of specific statutory duties under the Personal Data Protection Law, Trade Secrets Law, or the general duty of care derived from digital business norms. Fault, particularly negligence, is proven by deviation from security standards mandated by regulations such as Government Regulation 71 of 2019. Compensable losses include both material costs (emergency response, lost profits) and immaterial damage to corporate reputation, quantifiable through appropriate methodologies. A comparative perspective with the common law concept of cyber tort and Indonesian commercial court jurisprudence on immaterial loss provides valuable insights for refining legal constructs and compensation standards. This study concludes that the existing civil law framework is sufficiently flexible, yet recommends the development of judicial guidelines, professional valuation standards, and enhanced legal capacity to ensure effective and predictable legal recourse for digital asset violations.
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