Law Enforcement against Illegal Logging in Indonesian Forestry Legal System
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Abstract
Illegal logging is an organised environmental crime that threatens the sustainability of Indonesia’s forest ecosystems. This study analyses the transformation of normative forestry regulations following the enactment of Law No. 18 of 2013 (the P3H Law) and Law No. 6 of 2023 (the Job Creation Law), the criminal classification of illegal logging, and the harmonisation of preventive and repressive strategies in law enforcement. The methodology employed is a normative legal approach utilising both a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The research findings indicate that the enactment of the P3H Law, as a lex specialis, broadens the definition of the offence of illegal logging from a mere conventional offence under the Criminal Code to organised crime, encompassing the forgery of transport documents for forest products, the handling of stolen goods by industry, and the financing by funders and corporations. Meanwhile, the Job Creation Act reinforces the principle of ‘ultimum remedium’ by prioritising administrative sanctions for technical violations committed by local communities, whilst continuing to impose strict cumulative criminal sanctions for commercial offences. Preventive strategies based on the participation of communities living near forest areas need to be optimised, accompanied by consistent repressive law enforcement without the misuse of administrative sanctions by corporate offenders, in order to create a deterrent effect.
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