Personal Ownership versus Sole Proprietorship: Contract Structure, Liability Risks, and Protection of Owner Assets
Isi Artikel Utama
Abstrak
This article examines the differences between private ownership and individual limited liability companies in terms of legal protection for small entrepreneurs through a normative juridical method based on literature studies. The analysis uses the Civil Code, the Limited Liability Company Law as amended by the Job Creation Law, and Government Regulation No. 8 of 2021 as the main normative framework. In private ownership, business obligations are attached to the same person, so that personal assets become general collateral for liabilities, which affects contract design, evidence, and litigation positions. In a Private Limited Company, the company acts as a legal entity, so that contracts and evidence are directed at the company's identity, administration, and separation of records. Shareholder protection arises through liability limitations, but can be set aside in cases of corporate abuse or commingling of assets in accordance with the Limited Liability Company Law. PP 8 of 2021 strengthens administrative discipline, particularly the obligation to submit annual financial reports, which is useful for maintaining the separation of transactions and facilitating verification in civil disputes. Findings indicate that the choice of business form shapes different risk patterns: sole proprietorship excels in simplicity, while private limited companies excel in administrative separation and certainty of parties in contracts. This article offers an assessment framework for small entrepreneurs and creditors to draft contracts, documentation, and dispute resolution measures in line with applicable norms. The framework emphasizes the selection of the appropriate party in a lawsuit, the inclusion of the signatory's capacity, and the separation of accounts and archives. With this discipline, dispute resolution can focus on performance and transaction evidence, rather than on the ambiguity of business identity, and improve the traceability of obligations for major creditors.
Rincian Artikel
Bagian
Cara Mengutip
Referensi
Armour, J., Hansmann, H., Kraakman, R., & Pargendler, M. (2017). Agency Problems and Legal Strategies. In The Anatomy of Corporate Law: A Comparative and Functional Approach (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Darmawan, D. (2022). Environmental Accountability through Business Ethics, Responsibility, Morals and Legal Obligations. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 1(2), 1–6.
Darmawan, D., Saputra, R., Putra, A. R., & Irfan, M. (2023). Legal Analysis of Consumer Protection and the Legal Consequences of Default in House Sale-Purchase Agreements by Business Actors. Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(2), 31-38.
Finch, V., & Milman, D. (2017). Corporate Insolvency Law: Perspectives and Principles (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press, New York.
Fionita, J., & Gunadi, A. (2023). Telaah Pergeseran Paradigma Asas dan Prinsip dalam Pendirian Perusahaan Pasca Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja: Tinjauan Konsep dan Penerapannya terhadap Perusahaan Perorangan. Unes Law Review, 6(1), 5186-5194.
Gagliardi, D., Muller, P., Glossop, E., Caliandro, C., …, & Ramlogan, R. (2013). A Recovery on the Horizon? Annual Report on European SMEs 2012/2013. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
Hardyansah, R., Putra, A. R., Khayru, R. K., & Arifin, S. (2023). Legal Implications of the Job Creation Law on the Concept and Liability of Individual Companies in Indonesia. Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(1), 259-270.
Hariani, M. (2023). Unleasing Organizational Commitment: Unravelling the Impact of Contract Worker Competence, Leadership, and Organizational Culture. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 3(1), 11-16.
Irfansyah, M. F., Darmawan, D., & Hardyansah, R. (2024). Implementation of the Principle of Good Faith in Contract Performance. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 3(2), 51-56.
Jazuli, E. R., Fasyehhudin, M., Nurikah, N., & Balgis, E. R. (2022). Kewenangan Dinas Tenaga Kerja Kabupaten Tangerang dalam Pembinaan Terhadap Pemberi Kerja Tenaga Kerja Asing Berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 8 Tahun 2021 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 34 Tahun 2021 tentang Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing. JUSTITIA Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora, 9(5), 2717-2725.
Johan, S., & Ariawan. (2022). Sole Propriesorship and Limited Liability Company Financial Liabilites to Creditors. Yurisdiksi: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Ddn Sains. https://doi.org/10.55173/yurisdiksi.v18i3.94
Kusuma, D. C. (2022). Pertanggungjawaban Perseroan Perorangan Pasca Pergeseran Paradigma Perseroan Terbatas sebagai Persekutuan Modal. Lex Renaissance, 7(3), 476-490.
Madaus, S. (2018). Leaving the Shadows of US Bankruptcy Law: A Proposal to Divide the Domain of Insolvency Law. European Business Organization Law Review, 19, 615–647.
Mardikaningsih, R., & Darmawan, D. (2021). Business Sustainability Strategies in the Facing of Regulatory Uncertainty and Managerial Challenges. Journal of Social Science Studies, 1(2), 111-118.
Mardikaningsih, R., & Darmawan, D. (2022). Ethical Principles in Business Decision Making: Implications for Corporate Sustainability and Relationships with External Stakeholders. Journal of Social Science Studies, 2(2), 131-138.
Maria, K. F. (2023). Perseroan Perorangan dan Pertanggungjawabannya terhadap Pihak Ketiga: Perbandingan Jerman dan Indonesia. Jurnal Lex Prudentium, 2(1), 57-75.
Maulani, A., Hardyansah, R., Darmawan, D., Mendonca, C. N., & de Jesus Isaac, A. (2023). Juridical Analysis of the Validity of Electronic Contracts Made by Artificial Intelligence in Indonesian Law. Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(1), 139–144.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, USA.
Muhammad, F. (2018). Mendukung Kemudahan Berusaha Bagi Usaha Mikro, Kecil, Dan Menengah Berbadan Hukum Dengan Gagasan Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas Oleh Pemegang Saham Tunggal. Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, 7(3), 445-464.
Purwijanti, K., & Prihandono, I. (2018). Pengaturan Karakteristik Beneficiary Owner di Indonesia. Jurnal Notaire, 1(1), 53-86.
Putra, A. R., & Wibowo, A. S. (2023). Royalty Fee Arrangement in Franchise Business and its Legal Implication in Indonesia. Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(1), 171-176.
Putra, A. R., Hardyansah, R., & Wibowo, A. S. (2022). Ethical Foundations of Franchisor-Franchisee Relationships and Their Influence on Business Performance Outcomes Across Franchise Systems. Journal of Social Science Studies, 2(2), 279-284.
Rahayu, A., Halizah, S. N., & Mardikaningsih, R. (2024). Law on the Resolution of Minority Shareholder Conflicts in Public Companies Based on the National Regulatory System. Journal of Social Science Studies, 4(1), 237-248.
Ratnawati, I., Mardikaningsih, R., & Halizah, S. N. (2024). Protection of Creditors' Rights and Minority Shareholders in the Company Dissolution Process Based on Indonesian Positive Law. Journal of Social Science Studies, 4(1), 113-122.
Republik Indonesia. (2007). Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Republik Indonesia. (2020). Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Republik Indonesia. (2021). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 8 Tahun 2021 tentang Modal Dasar Perseroan serta Pendaftaran, Pendirian, Perubahan, dan Pembubaran Perseroan yang Memenuhi Kriteria untuk Usaha Mikro dan Kecil. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Saldaña, J. (2016). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, London.
Setiawan, M., & Huda, M. (2023). Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi pada Perseroan Perseorangan. Jurnal Hukum Bisnis, 7(2), 1059-1069.
Siregar, I. C., Sunarmi, S., Siregar, M., & Sukarja, D. (2022). Tanggung Jawab dan Tata Kelola Perseroan Perorangan sebagai Badan Hukum Baru di Indonesia. Locus Journal of Academic Literature Review, 1(1), 26-35.
Sulaiman, M., Pakpahan, N. H., & Putra, A. R. (2023). Analysis of the Validity and Effectiveness of Electronic Contracts in Legal Protection of Digital Transactions in Indonesia. Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(1), 41-46.
Sulaiman, M., Pakpahan, N. H., & Putra, A. R. (2023). Analysis of the Validity and Effectiveness of Electronic Contracts in Legal Protection of Digital Transactions in Indonesia. Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(1), 41-46.
Sutrisno, B. (2019). Tanggung Jawab Yuridis Perusahaan dalam Perusahaan Kelompok menurut Sistem Hukum Perusahaan Indonesia. JATISWARA, 34(3), 283-293.
Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Research in Systematic Reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8(45), 1-10.
Webster, J., & Watson, R. T. (2002). Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review. MIS Quarterly, 26(2), 13–23.
Wibowo, A. S., Negara, D. S., Marsal, A. P., & Da Silva, E. B. (2021). Contractual Instruments’ Effectiveness in Preventing Business Disputes and Ensuring Business Law Stability. Journal of Social Science Studies, 1(2), 209-214.
World Bank Group. (2016). Doing Business 2016: Measuring Regulatory Quality and Efficiency. The World Bank, Washington.