Telemedicine Diagnosis Error Compensation Mechanism: Normative Analysis of Patient Health Law
Isi Artikel Utama
Abstrak
This article examines compensation mechanisms for victims of misdiagnosis in telemedicine services using a normative legal approach. The analysis focuses on the legal relationship between healthcare professionals’ obligations, electronic system operators’ responsibilities, and patients’ rights to information, safety, and compensation. The normative framework includes regulations on telemedicine services, medical practice, healthcare workers, medical records, patient safety, personal data protection, electronic transactions, consumer protection, and civil and criminal liability for negligence. The study finds that compensation may be pursued through multiple complementary channels, including professional disciplinary processes, administrative enforcement against healthcare facilities, civil litigation for material and immaterial damages, consumer dispute mechanisms for digital services, and criminal proceedings in cases of serious negligence. Proof of liability is primarily assessed through three pillars. First, valid informed consent must include clear explanations of telemedicine limitations, risks, and referral options. Second, electronic medical records function as legal evidence and must be complete, accurate, and auditable, covering anamnesis, clinical reasoning, follow-up plans, and referrals. Third, health data governance requires strict integrity, confidentiality, and traceability, where data breaches may constitute an independent basis for compensation claims. This framework enables proportional allocation of responsibility among healthcare professionals, facilities, and platform providers based on proven causality. It enhances legal certainty, strengthens patient protection, and promotes accountability, documentation quality, and system security in telemedicine services.
Rincian Artikel
Bagian
Cara Mengutip
Referensi
Darmawan, D., F. Issalillah, R.K. Khayru, A.R.A. Herdiyana, A.R. Putra, R. Mardikaningsih & E.A. Sinambela. (2022). BPJS Patients Satisfaction Analysis Towards Service Quality of Public Health Center in Surabaya. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 18(4), 124-131.
Debora Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2009). Principles of Biomedical Ethics (6th ed.). Oxford University Press, New York.
Harianto, A. V., Vitrianingsih, Y., Issalillah, F., & Mardikaningsih, R. (2024). Challenges and Changes Concerning National Health Development in Indonesia: Legal Perspectives, Service Access, and Infectious Disease Management. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 5(2), 22-26.
Herisasono, A., Darmawan, D., Gautama, E. C., & Issalillah, F. (2023). Protection of Patient Rights in the Perspective of Law and Medical Ethics in Indonesia. Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(2), 195-202.
Institute of Medicine. (2001). Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. National Academies Press, Washington.
Isnani, S., Herisasono, A., & Khayru, R. K. (2024). Legality and Privacy Protection Standards in Telepsychiatry and Online Mental Health Services. Journal of Social Science Studies, 4(1), 227-236.
Issalillah, F., & Khayru, R. K. (2023). Review of Generation Z Response to Telemedicine in Surabaya City. Journal of Science, Technology and Society (SICO), 4(1), 25–34.
Issalillah, F., & Khayru, R. K. (2024). The Digital Capacity Gap, Misinformation, and Behavioral Dynamics in Online Medical Information Searches. Journal of Science, Technology and Society (SICO), 5(2), 21–32.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2014). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 9 Tahun 2014 tentang Klinik. Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2014. Jakarta.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2017). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 11 Tahun 2017 tentang Keselamatan Pasien Rumah Sakit. Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2017. Jakarta.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2019). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 20 Tahun 2019 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Telemedicine antar Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan. Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2019. Jakarta.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2022). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 24 Tahun 2022 tentang Rekam Medis. Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2022. Jakarta.
Khayru, R. K., & Issalillah, F. (2022). Service Quality and Patient Satisfaction of Public Health Care. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 1(1), 20-23.
Khayru, R. K., & Issalillah, F. (2022). The Equal Distribution of Access to Health Services Through Telemedicine: Applications and Challenges. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 2(3), 24-27.
Kholis, K. N., Chamim, N., Susanto, J. A., Darmawan, D., & Mubarak, M. (2023). Analyzing Electronic Medical Records: A Comprehensive Exploration of Legal Dimensions within the Framework of Health Law. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 4(1), 36-42.
Kmucha, S. (2020). Telemedicine and Physician Liability Issues. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, 94(10-11), 428-429.
Kohn, L. T., Corrigan, J. M., & Donaldson, M. S. (Eds.). (2000). To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. National Academies Press, Washington.
Lethy, Y. N., Issalillah, F., Vitrianingsih, Y., Darmawan, D., & Khayru, R. K. (2023). Legal Protection for Patients Against Negligence of Medical Personnel. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 4(2), 39-43.
Mening, Y., Hardyansah, R., & Khayru, R. K. (2023). Institutional Responsibility of Hospitals for Medical Errors Committed by Healthcare Personnel. Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(2), 187-194.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. BMJ, 339, 332-336.
Nurmaidah, N., Kustiningsih, N., & Rahayu, S. (2024). Change Management Strategy in the Implementation of Electronic Medical Record System in the Era of Digital Transformation: Case Study at Rahman Rahim Hospital. Gema Wiralodra, 15(1), 228-238.
Pallocci, M., Treglia, M., Passalacqua, P., Tittarelli, R., Zanovello, C., De Luca, L., ... & Marsella, L. T. (2023). Informed Consent: Legal Obligation or Cornerstone of the Care Relationship? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20, 1-10.
Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide. Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom.
Rawlings, A., Sillin, L., Shadduck, P., McDonald, M., Crookes, P., MacFadyen Jr, B., ... & SAGES Ethics Committee. (2020). Informed consent: A Shared Decision-Making Process that Creates a New Professional Obligation for Care. Surgical Endoscopy, 34, 4713-4716.
Republik Indonesia. (1847). Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerdata/Burgerlijk Wetboek). Staatsblad Tahun 1847 Nomor 23. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Republik Indonesia. (1915). Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP/Wetboek van Strafrecht). Staatsblad Tahun 1915 Nomor 732. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Republik Indonesia. (1999). Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1999 Nomor 42, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3821. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Republik Indonesia. (2004). Undang-Undang Nomor 29 Tahun 2004 tentang Praktik Kedokteran. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2004 Nomor 116, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 4431. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Republik Indonesia. (2008). Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2008 Nomor 58, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 4843. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Republik Indonesia. (2009). Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2009 Nomor 144, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 5063. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Republik Indonesia. (2014). Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2014 tentang Tenaga Kesehatan. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2014 Nomor 298, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 5607. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Republik Indonesia. (2016). Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2016 Nomor 251, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 5952. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Republik Indonesia. (2019). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 71 Tahun 2019 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2019 Nomor 185, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 6400. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Republik Indonesia. (2022). Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2022 Nomor 196, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 6820. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Sasmita, B., Darmawan, D., & Khayru, R. K. (2023). Telemedicine Regulation in Indonesia: Enhancing Patient Safety and Protection. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 4(3), 29-35.
Schröder Håkansson, A., Pergert, P., Abrahamsson, J., & Stenmarker, M. (2020). Balancing Values and Obligations when Obtaining Informed Consent: Healthcare Professionals' Experiences in Swedish Paediatric Oncology. Acta Paediatrica, 109(5), 1040-1048.
Thomas, E. E., Haydon, H. M., Mehrotra, A., Caffery, L. J., Snoswell, C. L., Banbury, A., & Smith, A. C. (2022). Building on the momentum: sustaining telehealth beyond COVID-19. Journal of telemedicine and telecare, 28(4), 301-308.
Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Research in Systematic Reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8(45), 1-10.
Ustani, T., Vitrianingsih, Y., & Mardikaningsih, R. (2024). Legal Implication and Challenge of Using Medical Record as Evidence in the Indonesia’s Justice System. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 3(1), 40-45.
Wahyusetiawan, R., Herisasono, A., Khayru, R. K., Vitrianingsih, Y., & Issalillah, F. (2024). Health Facility Accountability for Terminal Patient Palliative Care Services Under Health Law. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 6(2), 45-57.
Widodo, N. S. A., Herisasono, A., & Khayru, R. K. (2024). Legal Standards for Physical Therapy Tele-Rehabilitation: Authority, Consent, Medical Records, Personal Data. Journal of Social Science Studies, 4(1), 447-464.