Legal Construction of Breach of Contract Indicating Fraud in Business Cooperation Agreements
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This normative legal study aims to construct an effective legal framework for addressing breach of contract indicating fraud (bad faith breach) in business cooperation agreements. The research focuses on three main aspects: distinguishing and proving bad faith (te kwader trouw) as an indication of fraud, constructing claims for material and immaterial compensation, and formulating effective legal remedies. Using a qualitative literature study method with a normative juridical approach, this research analyzes secondary data from the Indonesian Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek), relevant regulations, legal doctrines, and jurisprudence. The findings indicate that the key differentiator between ordinary breach and fraudulent breach lies in the subjective element of intent to deceive, often evidenced by material misrepresentation or concealment of facts during the pre-contractual phase. This shifts the legal basis from mere breach of contract (Article 1243 BW) to defect of consent (Article 1321 BW) and unlawful acts (Article 1365 BW). Consequently, the construction of compensation expands to include both calculable material losses and immaterial losses related to reputational damage. An effective lawsuit must strategically combine contractual and delictual grounds, supported by a comprehensive evidence strategy targeting proof of bad faith and a measurable, auditable calculation of losses. This study contributes to the development of contract law by emphasizing the proactive role of the good faith principle in combating contractual deception and providing a practical litigation framework for victims.
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Referensi
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