Legal Framework for Organ Transplantation and Protection of Donors and Recipients
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Abstract
Organ transplantation is a life-saving medical procedure that requires a clear legal framework because it involves bodily integrity, donor autonomy, scarce resources, and potential commercial exploitation. This article examines the Indonesian legal framework governing organ transplantation through normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings show that Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024, and subsequent technical regulations establish a layered regulatory structure based on humanitarian purposes, non-commercialization, valid consent, donor protection, professional competence, institutional standards, and equitable recipient allocation. Living donors must provide voluntary and informed consent and meet administrative, medical, psychological, and socio-legal requirements. Deceased donation generally requires written family consent unless the donor expressed a valid willingness during life. Organ allocation combines medical urgency, compatibility, utility, family relationships, and waiting-list procedures. Legal certainty therefore depends on consistent implementation, reliable documentation, transparent allocation, competent facilities, and effective oversight. The framework seeks to protect donors and recipients while preserving transplantation as a humanitarian medical service.
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