Environmental Criminal Law Enforcement and Corporate Obligations for Pollution Remediation
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Abstract
Environmental pollution and ecological damage raise serious legal concerns, particularly when harmful activities are conducted through corporate operations. This study examines the regulation of environmental crimes and the relationship between corporate criminal liability and environmental restoration obligations. Using normative legal research, the study applies statutory and conceptual approaches supported by relevant legal scholarship. The findings show that environmental legislation, particularly Law Number 32 of 2009 as amended by Law Number 6 of 2023, provides a legal framework for addressing pollution, environmental damage, and corporate responsibility. Criminal enforcement requires careful distinctions between administrative noncompliance and criminal conduct, supported by reliable evidence concerning unlawful activities and environmental consequences. Corporate responsibility must be assessed according to organizational involvement and legally attributable conduct. Meanwhile, pollution control and ecological restoration serve protective functions beyond criminal punishment. Consistent legal interpretation and accountable restoration obligations are essential for strengthening environmental protection, corporate responsibility, and justice in environmental law enforcement.
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